mirror of
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609 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
609 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
---
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sidebar_position: 1
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description: 编写适配器对接新的平台
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---
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# 编写适配器
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在编写适配器之前,我们需要先了解[适配器的功能与组成](../advanced/adapter#适配器功能与组成),适配器通常由 `Adapter`、`Bot`、`Event` 和 `Message` 四个部分组成,在编写适配器时,我们需要继承 NoneBot 中的基类,并根据实际平台来编写每个部分功能。
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## 组织结构
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NoneBot 适配器项目通常以 `nonebot-adapter-{adapter-name}` 作为项目名,并以**命名空间包**的形式编写,即在 `nonebot/adapters/{adapter-name}` 目录中编写实际代码,例如:
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```tree
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📦 nonebot-adapter-{adapter-name}
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├── 📂 nonebot
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│ ├── 📂 adapters
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│ │ ├── 📂 {adapter-name}
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│ │ │ ├── 📜 __init__.py
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│ │ │ ├── 📜 adapter.py
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│ │ │ ├── 📜 bot.py
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│ │ │ ├── 📜 config.py
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│ │ │ ├── 📜 event.py
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│ │ │ └── 📜 message.py
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├── 📜 pyproject.toml
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└── 📜 README.md
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```
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:::tip 提示
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上述的项目结构仅作推荐,不做强制要求,保证实际可用性即可。
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:::
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### 使用 NB-CLI 创建项目
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我们可以使用脚手架快速创建项目:
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```shell
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nb adapter create
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```
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按照指引,输入适配器名称以及存储位置,即可创建一个带有基本结构的适配器项目。
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## 组成部分
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:::tip 提示
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本章节的代码中提到的 `Adapter`、`Bot`、`Event` 和 `Message` 等,均为下文中适配器所编写的类,而非 NoneBot 中的基类。
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:::
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### Log
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适配器在处理时通常需要打印日志,但直接使用 NoneBot 的默认 `logger` 不方便区分适配器输出和其它日志。因此我们可以使用 NoneBot 提供的 `logger_wrapper` 方法,自定义一个 `log` 函数用于快捷打印适配器日志:
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```python {3} title=log.py
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from nonebot.utils import logger_wrapper
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log = logger_wrapper("your_adapter_name")
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```
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这个 `log` 函数会在默认 `logger` 中添加适配器名称前缀,它接收三个参数:日志等级、日志内容以及可选的异常,具体用法如下:
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```python
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from .log import log
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log("DEBUG", "A DEBUG log.")
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log("INFO", "A INFO log.")
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try:
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...
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except Exception as e:
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log("ERROR", "something error.", e)
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```
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### Config
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通常适配器需要一些配置项,例如平台连接密钥等。适配器的配置方法与[插件配置](../appendices/config#%E6%8F%92%E4%BB%B6%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE)类似,例如:
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```python title=config.py
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from pydantic import BaseModel
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class Config(BaseModel):
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xxx_id: str
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xxx_token: str
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```
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配置项的读取将在下方 [Adapter](#adapter) 中介绍。
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### Adapter
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Adapter 负责转换事件、调用接口,以及正确创建 Bot 对象并注册到 NoneBot 中。在编写平台相关内容之前,我们需要继承基类,并实现适配器的基本信息:
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```python {9,11,14,18} title=adapter.py
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from typing import Any
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from typing_extensions import override
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from nonebot.drivers import Driver
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from nonebot import get_plugin_config
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from nonebot.adapters import Adapter as BaseAdapter
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from .config import Config
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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@override
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def __init__(self, driver: Driver, **kwargs: Any):
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super().__init__(driver, **kwargs)
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# 读取适配器所需的配置项
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self.adapter_config: Config = get_plugin_config(Config)
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@classmethod
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@override
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def get_name(cls) -> str:
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"""适配器名称"""
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return "your_adapter_name"
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```
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#### 与平台交互
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NoneBot 提供了多种 [Driver](../advanced/driver) 来帮助适配器进行网络通信,主要分为客户端和服务端两种类型。我们需要**根据平台文档和特性**选择合适的通信方式,并编写相关方法用于初始化适配器,与平台建立连接和进行交互:
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##### 客户端通信方式
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```python {12,23,24} title=adapter.py
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import asyncio
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from typing_extensions import override
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from nonebot import get_plugin_config
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from nonebot.exception import WebSocketClosed
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from nonebot.drivers import Request, WebSocketClientMixin
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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@override
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def __init__(self, driver: Driver, **kwargs: Any):
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super().__init__(driver, **kwargs)
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self.adapter_config: Config = get_plugin_config(Config)
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self.task: Optional[asyncio.Task] = None # 存储 ws 任务
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self.setup()
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def setup(self) -> None:
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if not isinstance(self.driver, WebSocketClientMixin):
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# 判断用户配置的Driver类型是否符合适配器要求,不符合时应抛出异常
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raise RuntimeError(
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f"Current driver {self.config.driver} doesn't support websocket client connections!"
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f"{self.get_name()} Adapter need a WebSocket Client Driver to work."
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)
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# 在 NoneBot 启动和关闭时进行相关操作
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self.driver.on_startup(self.startup)
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self.driver.on_shutdown(self.shutdown)
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async def startup(self) -> None:
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"""定义启动时的操作,例如和平台建立连接"""
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self.task = asyncio.create_task(self._forward_ws()) # 建立 ws 连接
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async def _forward_ws(self):
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request = Request(
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method="GET",
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url="your_platform_websocket_url",
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headers={"token": "..."}, # 鉴权请求头
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)
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while True:
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try:
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async with self.websocket(request) as ws:
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try:
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# 处理 websocket
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...
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except WebSocketClosed as e:
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log(
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"ERROR",
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"<r><bg #f8bbd0>WebSocket Closed</bg #f8bbd0></r>",
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e,
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)
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except Exception as e:
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log(
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"ERROR",
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"<r><bg #f8bbd0>Error while process data from "
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"websocket platform_websocket_url. "
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"Trying to reconnect...</bg #f8bbd0></r>",
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e,
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)
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finally:
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# 这里要断开 Bot 连接
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except Exception as e:
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# 尝试重连
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log(
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"ERROR",
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"<r><bg #f8bbd0>Error while setup websocket to "
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"platform_websocket_url. Trying to reconnect...</bg #f8bbd0></r>",
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e,
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)
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await asyncio.sleep(3) # 重连间隔
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async def shutdown(self) -> None:
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"""定义关闭时的操作,例如停止任务、断开连接"""
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# 断开 ws 连接
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if self.task is not None and not self.task.done():
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self.task.cancel()
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```
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##### 服务端通信方式
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```python {30,38} title=adapter.py
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from nonebot import get_plugin_config
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from nonebot.drivers import (
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Request,
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ASGIMixin,
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WebSocket,
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HTTPServerSetup,
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WebSocketServerSetup
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)
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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@override
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def __init__(self, driver: Driver, **kwargs: Any):
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super().__init__(driver, **kwargs)
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self.adapter_config: Config = get_plugin_config(Config)
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self.setup()
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def setup(self) -> None:
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if not isinstance(self.driver, ASGIMixin):
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raise RuntimeError(
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f"Current driver {self.config.driver} doesn't support asgi server!"
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f"{self.get_name()} Adapter need a asgi server driver to work."
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)
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# 建立服务端路由
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# HTTP Webhook 路由
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http_setup = HTTPServerSetup(
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URL("your_webhook_url"), # 路由地址
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"POST", # 接收的方法
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"WEBHOOK name", # 路由名称
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self._handle_http, # 处理函数
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)
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self.setup_http_server(http_setup)
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# 反向 Websocket 路由
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ws_setup = WebSocketServerSetup(
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URL("your_websocket_url"), # 路由地址
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"WebSocket name", # 路由名称
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self._handle_ws, # 处理函数
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)
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self.setup_websocket_server(ws_setup)
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async def _handle_http(self, request: Request) -> Response:
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"""HTTP 路由处理函数,只有一个类型为 Request 的参数,且返回值类型为 Response"""
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...
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return Response(
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status_code=200, # 状态码
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headers={"something": "something"}, # 响应头
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content="xxx", # 响应内容
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)
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async def _handle_ws(self, websocket: WebSocket) -> Any:
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"""WebSocket 路由处理函数,只有一个类型为 WebSocket 的参数"""
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...
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```
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更多通信交互方式可以参考以下适配器:
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- [OneBot](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-onebot/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/onebot/v11/adapter.py) - `WebSocket 客户端`、`WebSocket 服务端`、`HTTP WEBHOOK`、`HTTP POST`
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- [QQGuild](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-qqguild/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/qqguild/adapter.py) - `WebSocket 服务端`
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- [Telegram](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-telegram/blob/beta/nonebot/adapters/telegram/adapter.py) - `HTTP WEBHOOK`
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#### 建立 Bot 连接
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在与平台建立连接后,我们需要将 [Bot](#bot) 实例化,并调用适配器提供的的 `bot_connect` 方法告知 NoneBot 建立了 Bot 连接。在与平台断开连接或出现某些异常进行重连时,我们需要调用 `bot_disconnect` 方法告知 NoneBot 断开了 Bot 连接。
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```python {7,8,11} title=adapter.py
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from .bot import Bot
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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def _handle_connect(self):
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bot_id = ... # 通过配置或者平台 API 等方式,获取到 Bot 的 ID
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bot = Bot(self, self_id=bot_id) # 实例化 Bot
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self.bot_connect(bot) # 建立 Bot 连接
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def _handle_disconnect(self):
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self.bot_disconnect(bot) # 断开 Bot 连接
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```
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#### 转换 Event 事件
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在接收到来自平台的事件数据后,我们需要将其转为适配器的 [Event](#event),并调用 Bot 的 `handle_event` 方法来让 Bot 对事件进行处理:
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```python title=adapter.py
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import asyncio
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from typing import Any, Dict
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from nonebot.compat import type_validate_python
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from .bot import Bot
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from .event import Event
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from .log import log
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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@classmethod
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def payload_to_event(cls, payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Event:
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"""根据平台事件的特性,转换平台 payload 为具体 Event
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Event 模型继承自 pydantic.BaseModel,具体请参考 pydantic 文档
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"""
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# 做一层异常处理,以应对平台事件数据的变更
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try:
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return type_validate_python(your_event_class, payload)
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except Exception as e:
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# 无法正常解析为具体 Event 时,给出日志提示
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log(
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"WARNING",
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f"Parse event error: {str(payload)}",
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)
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# 也可以尝试转为基础 Event 进行处理
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return type_validate_python(Event, payload)
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async def _forward(self, bot: Bot):
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payload: Dict[str, Any] # 接收到的事件数据
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event = self.payload_to_event(payload)
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# 让 bot 对事件进行处理
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asyncio.create_task(bot.handle_event(event))
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```
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#### 调用平台 API
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我们需要实现 `Adapter` 的 `_call_api` 方法,使开发者能够调用平台提供的 API。如果通过 WebSocket 通信可以通过 `send` 方法来发送数据,如果采用 HTTP 请求,则需要通过 NoneBot 提供的 `Request` 对象,调用 `driver` 的 `request` 方法来发送请求。
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```python {11} title=adapter.py
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from typing import Any
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from typing_extensions import override
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from nonebot.drivers import Request, WebSocket
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from .bot import Bot
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class Adapter(BaseAdapter):
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@override
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async def _call_api(self, bot: Bot, api: str, **data: Any) -> Any:
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log("DEBUG", f"Calling API <y>{api}</y>") # 给予日志提示
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platform_data = your_handle_data_method(data) # 自行将数据转为平台所需要的格式
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# 采用 HTTP 请求的方式,需要构造一个 Request 对象
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request = Request(
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method="GET", # 请求方法
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url=api, # 接口地址
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headers=..., # 请求头,通常需要包含鉴权信息
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params=platform_data, # 自行处理数据的传输形式
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# json=platform_data,
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# data=platform_data,
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)
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# 发送请求,返回结果
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return await self.driver.request(request)
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# 采用 WebSocket 通信的方式,可以直接调用 send 方法发送数据
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# 通过某种方式获取到 bot 对应的 websocket 对象
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ws: WebSocket = your_get_websocket_method(bot.self_id)
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await ws.send_text(platform_data) # 发送 str 类型的数据
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await ws.send_bytes(platform_data) # 发送 bytes 类型的数据
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await ws.send(platform_data) # 是以上两种方式的合体
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# 接收并返回结果,同样的,也有 str 和 bytes 的区别
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return await ws.receive_text()
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return await ws.receive_bytes()
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return await ws.receive()
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```
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`调用平台 API` 实现方式具体可以参考以下适配器:
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Websocket:
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- [OneBot V11](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-onebot/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/onebot/v11/adapter.py#L127)
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- [OneBot V12](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-onebot/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/onebot/v12/adapter.py#L162)
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HTTP:
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- [QQ 频道](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-qqguild/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/qqguild/adapter.py#L354)
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- [Telegram](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-telegram/blob/beta/nonebot/adapters/telegram/adapter.py#L145)
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- [飞书](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-feishu/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/feishu/adapter.py#L158)
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### Bot
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Bot 是机器人开发者能够直接获取并使用的核心对象,负责存储平台机器人相关信息,并提供回复事件、调用 API 的上层方法。我们需要继承基类 `Bot`,并实现相关方法:
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```python {20,25,34} title=bot.py
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from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
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from typing_extensions import override
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from nonebot.message import handle_event
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from nonebot.adapters import Bot as BaseBot
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from .event import Event
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from .message import Message, MessageSegment
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if TYPE_CHECKING:
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from .adapter import Adapter
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class Bot(BaseBot):
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"""
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your_adapter_name 协议 Bot 适配。
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"""
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@override
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def __init__(self, adapter: Adapter, self_id: str, **kwargs: Any):
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super().__init__(adapter, self_id)
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self.adapter: Adapter = adapter
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# 一些有关 Bot 的信息也可以在此定义和存储
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async def handle_event(self, event: Event):
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# 根据需要,对事件进行某些预处理,例如:
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# 检查事件是否和机器人有关操作,去除事件消息首尾的 @bot
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# 检查事件是否有回复消息,调用平台 API 获取原始消息的消息内容
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...
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# 调用 handle_event 让 NoneBot 对事件进行处理
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await handle_event(self, event)
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@override
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async def send(
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self,
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event: Event,
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message: Union[str, Message, MessageSegment],
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**kwargs: Any,
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) -> Any:
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# 根据平台实现 Bot 回复事件的方法
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# 将消息处理为平台所需的格式后,调用发送消息接口进行发送,例如:
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data = message_to_platform_data(message)
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await self.send_message(
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data=data,
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...
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)
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```
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### Event
|
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|
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Event 是 NoneBot 中的事件主体对象,所有平台消息在进入处理流程前需要转换为 NoneBot 事件。我们需要继承基类 `Event`,并实现相关方法:
|
||
|
||
```python {5,8,13,18,23,28,33} title=event.py
|
||
from typing_extensions import override
|
||
|
||
from nonebot.compat import model_dump
|
||
from nonebot.adapters import Event as BaseEvent
|
||
|
||
class Event(BaseEvent):
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_event_name(self) -> str:
|
||
# 返回事件的名称,用于日志打印
|
||
return "event name"
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_event_description(self) -> str:
|
||
# 返回事件的描述,用于日志打印,请注意转义 loguru tag
|
||
return escape_tag(repr(model_dump(self)))
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_message(self):
|
||
# 获取事件消息的方法,根据事件具体实现,如果事件非消息类型事件,则抛出异常
|
||
raise ValueError("Event has no message!")
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_user_id(self) -> str:
|
||
# 获取用户 ID 的方法,根据事件具体实现,如果事件没有用户 ID,则抛出异常
|
||
raise ValueError("Event has no context!")
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_session_id(self) -> str:
|
||
# 获取事件会话 ID 的方法,根据事件具体实现,如果事件没有相关 ID,则抛出异常
|
||
raise ValueError("Event has no context!")
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def is_tome(self) -> bool:
|
||
# 判断事件是否和机器人有关
|
||
return False
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
然后根据平台消息的类型,编写各种不同的事件,并且注意要根据事件类型实现 `get_type` 方法,具体请参考[事件类型](../advanced/adapter#事件类型)。消息类型事件还应重写 `get_message` 和 `get_user_id` 等方法,例如:
|
||
|
||
```python {7,16,20,25,34,42} title=event.py
|
||
from .message import Message
|
||
|
||
class HeartbeatEvent(Event):
|
||
"""心跳时间,通常为元事件"""
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_type(self) -> str:
|
||
return "meta_event"
|
||
|
||
class MessageEvent(Event):
|
||
"""消息事件"""
|
||
message_id: str
|
||
user_id: str
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_type(self) -> str:
|
||
return "message"
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_message(self) -> Message:
|
||
# 返回事件消息对应的 NoneBot Message 对象
|
||
return self.message
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_user_id(self) -> str:
|
||
return self.user_id
|
||
|
||
class JoinRoomEvent(Event):
|
||
"""加入房间事件,通常为通知事件"""
|
||
user_id: str
|
||
room_id: str
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_type(self) -> str:
|
||
return "notice"
|
||
|
||
class ApplyAddFriendEvent(Event):
|
||
"""申请添加好友事件,通常为请求事件"""
|
||
user_id: str
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_type(self) -> str:
|
||
return "request"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Message
|
||
|
||
Message 负责正确序列化消息,以便机器人插件处理。我们需要继承 `MessageSegment` 和 `Message` 两个类,并实现相关方法:
|
||
|
||
```python {9,12,17,22,27,30,36} title=message.py
|
||
from typing import Type, Iterable
|
||
from typing_extensions import override
|
||
|
||
from nonebot.utils import escape_tag
|
||
|
||
from nonebot.adapters import Message as BaseMessage
|
||
from nonebot.adapters import MessageSegment as BaseMessageSegment
|
||
|
||
class MessageSegment(BaseMessageSegment["Message"]):
|
||
@classmethod
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_message_class(cls) -> Type["Message"]:
|
||
# 返回适配器的 Message 类型本身
|
||
return Message
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def __str__(self) -> str:
|
||
# 返回该消息段的纯文本表现形式,通常在日志中展示
|
||
return "text of MessageSegment"
|
||
|
||
@override
|
||
def is_text(self) -> bool:
|
||
# 判断该消息段是否为纯文本
|
||
return self.type == "text"
|
||
|
||
|
||
class Message(BaseMessage[MessageSegment]):
|
||
@classmethod
|
||
@override
|
||
def get_segment_class(cls) -> Type[MessageSegment]:
|
||
# 返回适配器的 MessageSegment 类型本身
|
||
return MessageSegment
|
||
|
||
@staticmethod
|
||
@override
|
||
def _construct(msg: str) -> Iterable[MessageSegment]:
|
||
# 实现从字符串中构造消息数组,如无字符串嵌入格式可直接返回文本类型 MessageSegment
|
||
...
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
然后根据平台具体的消息类型,来实现各种 `MessageSegment` 消息段,具体可以参考以下适配器:
|
||
|
||
- [OneBot](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-onebot/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/onebot/v11/message.py#L77-L261)
|
||
- [QQGuild](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-qqguild/blob/master/nonebot/adapters/qqguild/message.py#L22-L150)
|
||
- [Telegram](https://github.com/nonebot/adapter-telegram/blob/beta/nonebot/adapters/telegram/message.py#L43-L250)
|
||
|
||
## 适配器测试
|
||
|
||
关于适配器测试相关内容在这里不再展开,开发者可以根据需要进行合适的测试。这里为开发者提供几个常见问题的解决方法:
|
||
|
||
1. 在测试中无法导入 editable 模式安装的适配器代码。在 pytest 的 `conftest.py` 内添加如下代码:
|
||
|
||
```python title=tests/conftest.py
|
||
from pathlib import Path
|
||
import nonebot.adapters
|
||
nonebot.adapters.__path__.append( # type: ignore
|
||
str((Path(__file__).parent.parent / "nonebot" / "adapters").resolve())
|
||
)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
2. 需要计算适配器测试覆盖率,请在 `pyproject.toml` 中添加 pytest 配置:
|
||
|
||
```toml title=pyproject.toml
|
||
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
|
||
addopts = "--cov nonebot/adapters/{adapter-name} --cov-report term-missing"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 后续工作
|
||
|
||
在完成适配器代码的编写后,如果想要将适配器发布到 NoneBot 商店,我们需要将适配器发布到 PyPI 中,然后前往[商店](/store/adapters)页面,切换到适配器页签,点击**发布适配器**按钮,填写适配器相关信息并提交。
|
||
|
||
另外建议编写适配器文档或者一些插件开发示例,以便其他开发者使用我们的适配器。
|