diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/append_only_vec.rs b/milli/src/update/new/append_only_vec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4a30c1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/append_only_vec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// Code taken from <https://github.com/droundy/append-only-vec/blob/main/src/lib.rs>
+// and modified in order to get a ref mut instead of the index of newly inserted items.
+
+//! AppendOnlyVec
+//!
+//! This is a pretty simple type, which is a vector that you can push into and
+//! receive a reference to the item you just inserted. The data structure never
+//! moves an element once allocated, so you can push to the vec even while holding
+//! mutable references to elements that have already been pushed.
+//!
+//! ### Scaling
+//!
+//! 1. Accessing an element is O(1), but slightly more expensive than for a
+//!    standard `Vec`.
+//!
+//! 2. Pushing a new element amortizes to O(1), but may require allocation of a
+//!    new chunk.
+//!
+//! ### Example
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use append_only_vec::AppendOnlyVec;
+//!
+//! static V: AppendOnlyVec<String> = AppendOnlyVec::<String>::new();
+//! let mut threads = Vec::new();
+//! for thread_num in 0..10 {
+//!     threads.push(std::thread::spawn(move || {
+//!          for n in 0..100 {
+//!               let s = format!("thread {} says {}", thread_num, n);
+//!               let which = V.push(s.clone());
+//!               assert_eq!(&which, &s);
+//!          }
+//!     }));
+//! }
+//!
+//! for t in threads {
+//!    t.join();
+//! }
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(V.len(), 1000);
+//! ```
+
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::ptr;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+pub struct AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    count: AtomicUsize,
+    _reserved: AtomicUsize,
+    data: [UnsafeCell<*mut T>; BITS_USED - 1 - 3],
+}
+
+unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for AppendOnlyVec<T> {}
+unsafe impl<T: Sync + Send> Sync for AppendOnlyVec<T> {}
+
+const BITS: usize = std::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8;
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+const BITS_USED: usize = 48;
+#[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "x86_64"), target_pointer_width = "64"))]
+const BITS_USED: usize = 64;
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+const BITS_USED: usize = 32;
+
+// This takes an index into a vec, and determines which data array will hold it
+// (the first return value), and what the index will be into that data array
+// (second return value)
+//
+// The ith data array holds 1<<i values.
+const fn indices(i: usize) -> (u32, usize) {
+    let i = i + 8;
+    let bin = BITS as u32 - 1 - i.leading_zeros();
+    let bin = bin - 3;
+    let offset = i - bin_size(bin);
+    (bin, offset)
+}
+
+const fn bin_size(array: u32) -> usize {
+    (1 << 3) << array
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_indices() {
+    for i in 0..32 {
+        println!("{:3}: {} {}", i, indices(i).0, indices(i).1);
+    }
+    let mut array = 0;
+    let mut offset = 0;
+    let mut index = 0;
+    while index < 1000 {
+        index += 1;
+        offset += 1;
+        if offset >= bin_size(array) {
+            offset = 0;
+            array += 1;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(indices(index), (array, offset));
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    const EMPTY: UnsafeCell<*mut T> = UnsafeCell::new(ptr::null_mut());
+
+    /// Allocate a new empty array.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        AppendOnlyVec {
+            count: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            _reserved: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            data: [Self::EMPTY; BITS_USED - 1 - 3],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Find the length of the array.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.count.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    fn layout(array: u32) -> std::alloc::Layout {
+        std::alloc::Layout::array::<T>(bin_size(array)).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Append an element to the array and get a mutable ref to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is notable in that it doesn't require a `&mut self`, because it
+    /// does appropriate atomic synchronization.
+    pub fn push(&self, val: T) -> &mut T {
+        let idx = self._reserved.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let (array, offset) = indices(idx);
+        let ptr = if self.len() < 1 + idx - offset {
+            // We are working on a new array, which may not have been allocated...
+            if offset == 0 {
+                // It is our job to allocate the array! The size of the array
+                // is determined in the self.layout method, which needs to be
+                // consistent with the indices function.
+                let layout = Self::layout(array);
+                let ptr = unsafe { std::alloc::alloc(layout) } as *mut T;
+                unsafe {
+                    *self.data[array as usize].get() = ptr;
+                }
+                ptr
+            } else {
+                // We need to wait for the array to be allocated.
+                while self.len() < 1 + idx - offset {
+                    std::hint::spin_loop();
+                }
+                // The Ordering::Acquire semantics of self.len() ensures that
+                // this pointer read will get the non-null pointer allocated
+                // above.
+                unsafe { *self.data[array as usize].get() }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The Ordering::Acquire semantics of self.len() ensures that
+            // this pointer read will get the non-null pointer allocated
+            // above.
+            unsafe { *self.data[array as usize].get() }
+        };
+
+        // The contents of this offset are guaranteed to be unused (so far)
+        // because we got the idx from our fetch_add above, and ptr is
+        // guaranteed to be valid because of the loop we used above, which used
+        // self.len() which has Ordering::Acquire semantics.
+        unsafe { (ptr.add(offset)).write(val) };
+
+        // Now we need to increase the size of the vec, so it can get read. We
+        // use Release upon success, to ensure that the value which we wrote is
+        // visible to any thread that has confirmed that the count is big enough
+        // to read that element. In case of failure, we can be relaxed, since
+        // we don't do anything with the result other than try again.
+        while self
+            .count
+            .compare_exchange(idx, idx + 1, Ordering::Release, Ordering::Relaxed)
+            .is_err()
+        {
+            // This means that someone else *started* pushing before we started,
+            // but hasn't yet finished. We have to wait for them to finish
+            // pushing before we can update the count. Note that using a
+            // spinloop here isn't really ideal, but except when allocating a
+            // new array, the window between reserving space and using it is
+            // pretty small, so contention will hopefully be rare, and having a
+            // context switch during that interval will hopefully be vanishingly
+            // unlikely.
+            std::hint::spin_loop();
+        }
+
+        unsafe { &mut *ptr }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert into a standard `Vec`.
+    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<T> {
+        let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
+
+        for idx in 0..self.len() {
+            let (array, offset) = indices(idx);
+            // We use a Relaxed load of the pointer, because the loop above (which
+            // ends before `self.len()`) should ensure that the data we want is
+            // already visible, since it Acquired `self.count` which synchronizes
+            // with the write in `self.push`.
+            let ptr = unsafe { *self.data[array as usize].get() };
+
+            // Copy the element value. The copy remaining in the array must not
+            // be used again (i.e. make sure we do not drop it)
+            let value = unsafe { ptr.add(offset).read() };
+
+            vec.push(value);
+        }
+
+        // Prevent dropping the copied-out values by marking the count as 0 before
+        // our own drop is run
+        self.count.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+        vec
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Debug for AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("AppendOnlyVec").field("len", &self.len()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Drop for AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // First we'll drop all the `T` in a slightly sloppy way.  FIXME this
+        // could be optimized to avoid reloading the `ptr`.
+        for idx in 0..self.len() {
+            let (array, offset) = indices(idx);
+            // We use a Relaxed load of the pointer, because the loop above (which
+            // ends before `self.len()`) should ensure that the data we want is
+            // already visible, since it Acquired `self.count` which synchronizes
+            // with the write in `self.push`.
+            let ptr = unsafe { *self.data[array as usize].get() };
+            unsafe {
+                ptr::drop_in_place(ptr.add(offset));
+            }
+        }
+        // Now we will free all the arrays.
+        for array in 0..self.data.len() as u32 {
+            // This load is relaxed because no other thread can have a reference
+            // to Self because we have a &mut self.
+            let ptr = unsafe { *self.data[array as usize].get() };
+            if !ptr.is_null() {
+                let layout = Self::layout(array);
+                unsafe { std::alloc::dealloc(ptr as *mut u8, layout) };
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> IntoIterator for AppendOnlyVec<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.into_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parallel_pushing() {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    let v = Arc::new(AppendOnlyVec::<u64>::new());
+    let mut threads = Vec::new();
+    const N: u64 = 100;
+    for thread_num in 0..N {
+        let v = v.clone();
+        threads.push(std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            let which1 = v.push(thread_num);
+            let which2 = v.push(thread_num);
+            assert_eq!(*which1, thread_num);
+            assert_eq!(*which2, thread_num);
+        }));
+    }
+    for t in threads {
+        t.join().unwrap();
+    }
+    let v = Arc::into_inner(v).unwrap().into_vec();
+    for thread_num in 0..N {
+        assert_eq!(2, v.iter().copied().filter(|&x| x == thread_num).count());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_into_vec() {
+    struct SafeToDrop(bool);
+
+    impl Drop for SafeToDrop {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            assert!(self.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let v = AppendOnlyVec::new();
+
+    for _ in 0..50 {
+        v.push(SafeToDrop(false));
+    }
+
+    let mut v = v.into_vec();
+    assert_eq!(v.len(), 50);
+
+    for i in v.iter_mut() {
+        i.0 = true;
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_push_then_index_mut() {
+    let v = AppendOnlyVec::<usize>::new();
+    for i in 0..1024 {
+        *v.push(i) += 1;
+    }
+
+    let v = v.into_vec();
+    for i in 0..1024 {
+        assert_eq!(v[i], 2 * i);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/extract/faceted/extract_facets.rs b/milli/src/update/new/extract/faceted/extract_facets.rs
index 41bce2215..e4e6f7010 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/extract/faceted/extract_facets.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/extract/faceted/extract_facets.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use grenad::{MergeFunction, Merger};
 use heed::RoTxn;
@@ -11,10 +12,14 @@ use super::super::cache::CboCachedSorter;
 use super::facet_document::extract_document_facets;
 use super::FacetKind;
 use crate::facet::value_encoding::f64_into_bytes;
+use crate::update::new::append_only_vec::AppendOnlyVec;
 use crate::update::new::extract::DocidsExtractor;
-use crate::update::new::{DocumentChange, ItemsPool};
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt;
+use crate::update::new::DocumentChange;
 use crate::update::{create_sorter, GrenadParameters, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps};
-use crate::{DocumentId, FieldId, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, MAX_FACET_VALUE_LENGTH};
+use crate::{
+    DocumentId, Error, FieldId, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, MAX_FACET_VALUE_LENGTH,
+};
 pub struct FacetedDocidsExtractor;
 
 impl FacetedDocidsExtractor {
@@ -195,7 +200,9 @@ impl DocidsExtractor for FacetedDocidsExtractor {
         index: &Index,
         fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
         indexer: GrenadParameters,
-        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<
+            Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>,
+        >,
     ) -> Result<Merger<File, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps>> {
         let max_memory = indexer.max_memory_by_thread();
 
@@ -203,35 +210,32 @@ impl DocidsExtractor for FacetedDocidsExtractor {
         let attributes_to_extract = Self::attributes_to_extract(&rtxn, index)?;
         let attributes_to_extract: Vec<_> =
             attributes_to_extract.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref()).collect();
-
-        let context_pool = ItemsPool::new(|| {
-            Ok((
-                index.read_txn()?,
-                fields_ids_map.clone(),
-                Vec::new(),
-                CboCachedSorter::new(
-                    // TODO use a better value
-                    100.try_into().unwrap(),
-                    create_sorter(
-                        grenad::SortAlgorithm::Stable,
-                        MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps,
-                        indexer.chunk_compression_type,
-                        indexer.chunk_compression_level,
-                        indexer.max_nb_chunks,
-                        max_memory,
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ))
-        });
+        let caches = AppendOnlyVec::new();
 
         {
             let span =
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "docids_extraction");
             let _entered = span.enter();
-            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_for_each(|document_change| {
-                context_pool.with(|(rtxn, fields_ids_map, buffer, cached_sorter)| {
+            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_arc_for_each_try_init(
+                || {
+                    let rtxn = index.read_txn().map_err(Error::from)?;
+                    let cache = caches.push(CboCachedSorter::new(
+                        // TODO use a better value
+                        100.try_into().unwrap(),
+                        create_sorter(
+                            grenad::SortAlgorithm::Stable,
+                            MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps,
+                            indexer.chunk_compression_type,
+                            indexer.chunk_compression_level,
+                            indexer.max_nb_chunks,
+                            max_memory,
+                        ),
+                    ));
+                    Ok((rtxn, fields_ids_map.clone(), Vec::new(), cache))
+                },
+                |(rtxn, fields_ids_map, buffer, cached_sorter), document_change| {
                     Self::extract_document_change(
-                        &*rtxn,
+                        rtxn,
                         index,
                         buffer,
                         fields_ids_map,
@@ -239,8 +243,9 @@ impl DocidsExtractor for FacetedDocidsExtractor {
                         cached_sorter,
                         document_change?,
                     )
-                })
-            })?;
+                    .map_err(Arc::new)
+                },
+            )?;
         }
         {
             let mut builder = grenad::MergerBuilder::new(MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps);
@@ -248,14 +253,15 @@ impl DocidsExtractor for FacetedDocidsExtractor {
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "merger_building");
             let _entered = span.enter();
 
-            let readers: Vec<_> = context_pool
-                .into_items()
+            let readers: Vec<_> = caches
+                .into_iter()
                 .par_bridge()
-                .map(|(_rtxn, _tokenizer, _fields_ids_map, cached_sorter)| {
+                .map(|cached_sorter| {
                     let sorter = cached_sorter.into_sorter()?;
                     sorter.into_reader_cursors()
                 })
                 .collect();
+
             for reader in readers {
                 builder.extend(reader?);
             }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/extract/mod.rs b/milli/src/update/new/extract/mod.rs
index 6e60a4063..c12634563 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/extract/mod.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/extract/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod lru;
 mod searchable;
 
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub use faceted::*;
 use grenad::Merger;
@@ -12,14 +13,16 @@ pub use searchable::*;
 
 use super::DocumentChange;
 use crate::update::{GrenadParameters, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps};
-use crate::{GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result};
+use crate::{Error, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result};
 
 pub trait DocidsExtractor {
     fn run_extraction(
         index: &Index,
         fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
         indexer: GrenadParameters,
-        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<
+            Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>,
+        >,
     ) -> Result<Merger<File, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps>>;
 }
 
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/extract_word_docids.rs b/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/extract_word_docids.rs
index caab170a4..f4346ba52 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/extract_word_docids.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/extract_word_docids.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::num::NonZero;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use grenad::{Merger, MergerBuilder};
 use heed::RoTxn;
-use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
+use rayon::iter::IntoParallelIterator;
 
 use super::tokenize_document::{tokenizer_builder, DocumentTokenizer};
+use super::SearchableExtractor;
+use crate::update::new::append_only_vec::AppendOnlyVec;
 use crate::update::new::extract::cache::CboCachedSorter;
 use crate::update::new::extract::perm_json_p::contained_in;
-use crate::update::new::{DocumentChange, ItemsPool};
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt;
+use crate::update::new::DocumentChange;
 use crate::update::{create_sorter, GrenadParameters, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps};
 use crate::{
-    bucketed_position, DocumentId, FieldId, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result,
+    bucketed_position, DocumentId, Error, FieldId, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result,
     MAX_POSITION_PER_ATTRIBUTE,
 };
 
@@ -303,7 +307,9 @@ impl WordDocidsExtractors {
         index: &Index,
         fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
         indexer: GrenadParameters,
-        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<
+            Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>,
+        >,
     ) -> Result<WordDocidsMergers> {
         let max_memory = indexer.max_memory_by_thread();
 
@@ -335,36 +341,35 @@ impl WordDocidsExtractors {
             max_positions_per_attributes: MAX_POSITION_PER_ATTRIBUTE,
         };
 
-        let context_pool = ItemsPool::new(|| {
-            Ok((
-                index.read_txn()?,
-                &document_tokenizer,
-                fields_ids_map.clone(),
-                WordDocidsCachedSorters::new(
-                    indexer,
-                    max_memory,
-                    // TODO use a better value
-                    200_000.try_into().unwrap(),
-                ),
-            ))
-        });
+        let caches = AppendOnlyVec::new();
 
         {
             let span =
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "docids_extraction");
             let _entered = span.enter();
-            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_for_each(|document_change| {
-                context_pool.with(|(rtxn, document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map, cached_sorter)| {
+            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_arc_for_each_try_init(
+                || {
+                    let rtxn = index.read_txn().map_err(Error::from)?;
+                    let cache = caches.push(WordDocidsCachedSorters::new(
+                        indexer,
+                        max_memory,
+                        // TODO use a better value
+                        200_000.try_into().unwrap(),
+                    ));
+                    Ok((rtxn, &document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map.clone(), cache))
+                },
+                |(rtxn, document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map, cached_sorter), document_change| {
                     Self::extract_document_change(
-                        &*rtxn,
+                        rtxn,
                         index,
                         document_tokenizer,
                         fields_ids_map,
                         cached_sorter,
                         document_change?,
                     )
-                })
-            })?;
+                    .map_err(Arc::new)
+                },
+            )?;
         }
 
         {
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ impl WordDocidsExtractors {
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "merger_building");
             let _entered = span.enter();
             let mut builder = WordDocidsMergerBuilders::new();
-            for (_rtxn, _tokenizer, _fields_ids_map, cache) in context_pool.into_items() {
+            for cache in caches.into_iter() {
                 builder.add_sorters(cache)?;
             }
 
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/mod.rs b/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/mod.rs
index c79bd4766..b3fa646b9 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/mod.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/extract/searchable/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ mod extract_word_pair_proximity_docids;
 mod tokenize_document;
 
 use std::fs::File;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub use extract_word_docids::{WordDocidsExtractors, WordDocidsMergers};
 pub use extract_word_pair_proximity_docids::WordPairProximityDocidsExtractor;
@@ -13,16 +14,20 @@ use tokenize_document::{tokenizer_builder, DocumentTokenizer};
 
 use super::cache::CboCachedSorter;
 use super::DocidsExtractor;
-use crate::update::new::{DocumentChange, ItemsPool};
+use crate::update::new::append_only_vec::AppendOnlyVec;
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt;
+use crate::update::new::DocumentChange;
 use crate::update::{create_sorter, GrenadParameters, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps};
-use crate::{GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, MAX_POSITION_PER_ATTRIBUTE};
+use crate::{Error, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, MAX_POSITION_PER_ATTRIBUTE};
 
 pub trait SearchableExtractor {
     fn run_extraction(
         index: &Index,
         fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
         indexer: GrenadParameters,
-        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<
+            Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>,
+        >,
     ) -> Result<Merger<File, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps>> {
         let max_memory = indexer.max_memory_by_thread();
 
@@ -53,43 +58,41 @@ pub trait SearchableExtractor {
             localized_attributes_rules: &localized_attributes_rules,
             max_positions_per_attributes: MAX_POSITION_PER_ATTRIBUTE,
         };
-
-        let context_pool = ItemsPool::new(|| {
-            Ok((
-                index.read_txn()?,
-                &document_tokenizer,
-                fields_ids_map.clone(),
-                CboCachedSorter::new(
-                    // TODO use a better value
-                    1_000_000.try_into().unwrap(),
-                    create_sorter(
-                        grenad::SortAlgorithm::Stable,
-                        MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps,
-                        indexer.chunk_compression_type,
-                        indexer.chunk_compression_level,
-                        indexer.max_nb_chunks,
-                        max_memory,
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ))
-        });
+        let caches = AppendOnlyVec::new();
 
         {
             let span =
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "docids_extraction");
             let _entered = span.enter();
-            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_for_each(|document_change| {
-                context_pool.with(|(rtxn, document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map, cached_sorter)| {
+            document_changes.into_par_iter().try_arc_for_each_try_init(
+                || {
+                    let rtxn = index.read_txn().map_err(Error::from)?;
+                    let cache = caches.push(CboCachedSorter::new(
+                        // TODO use a better value
+                        1_000_000.try_into().unwrap(),
+                        create_sorter(
+                            grenad::SortAlgorithm::Stable,
+                            MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps,
+                            indexer.chunk_compression_type,
+                            indexer.chunk_compression_level,
+                            indexer.max_nb_chunks,
+                            max_memory,
+                        ),
+                    ));
+                    Ok((rtxn, &document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map.clone(), cache))
+                },
+                |(rtxn, document_tokenizer, fields_ids_map, cached_sorter), document_change| {
                     Self::extract_document_change(
-                        &*rtxn,
+                        rtxn,
                         index,
                         document_tokenizer,
                         fields_ids_map,
                         cached_sorter,
                         document_change?,
                     )
-                })
-            })?;
+                    .map_err(Arc::new)
+                },
+            )?;
         }
         {
             let mut builder = grenad::MergerBuilder::new(MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps);
@@ -97,14 +100,15 @@ pub trait SearchableExtractor {
                 tracing::trace_span!(target: "indexing::documents::extract", "merger_building");
             let _entered = span.enter();
 
-            let readers: Vec<_> = context_pool
-                .into_items()
+            let readers: Vec<_> = caches
+                .into_iter()
                 .par_bridge()
-                .map(|(_rtxn, _tokenizer, _fields_ids_map, cached_sorter)| {
+                .map(|cached_sorter| {
                     let sorter = cached_sorter.into_sorter()?;
                     sorter.into_reader_cursors()
                 })
                 .collect();
+
             for reader in readers {
                 builder.extend(reader?);
             }
@@ -132,7 +136,9 @@ impl<T: SearchableExtractor> DocidsExtractor for T {
         index: &Index,
         fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
         indexer: GrenadParameters,
-        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+        document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<
+            Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>,
+        >,
     ) -> Result<Merger<File, MergeDeladdCboRoaringBitmaps>> {
         Self::run_extraction(index, fields_ids_map, indexer, document_changes)
     }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_deletion.rs b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_deletion.rs
index bad72d3b2..400b51af6 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_deletion.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_deletion.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
+use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator};
 use roaring::RoaringBitmap;
 
 use super::DocumentChanges;
-use crate::update::new::{Deletion, DocumentChange, ItemsPool};
-use crate::{FieldsIdsMap, Index, Result};
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt as _;
+use crate::update::new::{Deletion, DocumentChange};
+use crate::{Error, FieldsIdsMap, Index, Result};
 
 pub struct DocumentDeletion {
     pub to_delete: RoaringBitmap,
@@ -28,15 +29,19 @@ impl<'p> DocumentChanges<'p> for DocumentDeletion {
         self,
         _fields_ids_map: &mut FieldsIdsMap,
         param: Self::Parameter,
-    ) -> Result<impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Clone + 'p> {
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+            + Clone
+            + 'p,
+    > {
         let index = param;
-        let items = Arc::new(ItemsPool::new(|| index.read_txn().map_err(crate::Error::from)));
         let to_delete: Vec<_> = self.to_delete.into_iter().collect();
-        Ok(to_delete.into_par_iter().map_with(items, |items, docid| {
-            items.with(|rtxn| {
+        Ok(to_delete.into_par_iter().try_map_try_init(
+            || index.read_txn().map_err(crate::Error::from),
+            |rtxn, docid| {
                 let current = index.document(rtxn, docid)?;
                 Ok(DocumentChange::Deletion(Deletion::create(docid, current.boxed())))
-            })
-        }))
+            },
+        ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_operation.rs b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_operation.rs
index 572ea8528..f9e1bb8f3 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_operation.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/document_operation.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use heed::types::Bytes;
 use heed::RoTxn;
 use memmap2::Mmap;
-use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
+use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator};
 use IndexDocumentsMethod as Idm;
 
 use super::super::document_change::DocumentChange;
-use super::super::items_pool::ItemsPool;
 use super::super::{CowStr, TopLevelMap};
 use super::DocumentChanges;
 use crate::documents::{DocumentIdExtractionError, PrimaryKey};
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt as _;
 use crate::update::new::{Deletion, Insertion, KvReaderFieldId, KvWriterFieldId, Update};
 use crate::update::{AvailableIds, IndexDocumentsMethod};
 use crate::{DocumentId, Error, FieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, UserError};
@@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ impl<'p, 'pl: 'p> DocumentChanges<'p> for DocumentOperation<'pl> {
         self,
         fields_ids_map: &mut FieldsIdsMap,
         param: Self::Parameter,
-    ) -> Result<impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Clone + 'p> {
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+            + Clone
+            + 'p,
+    > {
         let (index, rtxn, primary_key) = param;
 
         let documents_ids = index.documents_ids(rtxn)?;
@@ -199,24 +203,22 @@ impl<'p, 'pl: 'p> DocumentChanges<'p> for DocumentOperation<'pl> {
         // And finally sort them
         docids_version_offsets.sort_unstable_by_key(|(_, (_, docops))| sort_function_key(docops));
 
-        Ok(docids_version_offsets.into_par_iter().map_with(
-            Arc::new(ItemsPool::new(|| index.read_txn().map_err(crate::Error::from))),
-            move |context_pool, (external_docid, (internal_docid, operations))| {
-                context_pool.with(|rtxn| {
-                    let document_merge_function = match self.index_documents_method {
-                        Idm::ReplaceDocuments => MergeDocumentForReplacement::merge,
-                        Idm::UpdateDocuments => MergeDocumentForUpdates::merge,
-                    };
+        Ok(docids_version_offsets.into_par_iter().try_map_try_init(
+            || index.read_txn().map_err(Error::from),
+            move |rtxn, (external_docid, (internal_docid, operations))| {
+                let document_merge_function = match self.index_documents_method {
+                    Idm::ReplaceDocuments => MergeDocumentForReplacement::merge,
+                    Idm::UpdateDocuments => MergeDocumentForUpdates::merge,
+                };
 
-                    document_merge_function(
-                        rtxn,
-                        index,
-                        &fields_ids_map,
-                        internal_docid,
-                        external_docid.to_string(), // TODO do not clone
-                        &operations,
-                    )
-                })
+                document_merge_function(
+                    rtxn,
+                    index,
+                    &fields_ids_map,
+                    internal_docid,
+                    external_docid.to_string(), // TODO do not clone
+                    &operations,
+                )
             },
         ))
     }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/mod.rs b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/mod.rs
index e30333b3a..28165c3a8 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/mod.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::sync::RwLock;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use std::thread::{self, Builder};
 
 use big_s::S;
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ use super::{StdResult, TopLevelMap};
 use crate::documents::{PrimaryKey, DEFAULT_PRIMARY_KEY};
 use crate::update::new::channel::ExtractorSender;
 use crate::update::settings::InnerIndexSettings;
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt;
 use crate::update::GrenadParameters;
-use crate::{FieldsIdsMap, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, UserError};
+use crate::{Error, FieldsIdsMap, GlobalFieldsIdsMap, Index, Result, UserError};
 
 mod document_deletion;
 mod document_operation;
@@ -37,7 +38,11 @@ pub trait DocumentChanges<'p> {
         self,
         fields_ids_map: &mut FieldsIdsMap,
         param: Self::Parameter,
-    ) -> Result<impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Clone + 'p>;
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+            + Clone
+            + 'p,
+    >;
 }
 
 /// This is the main function of this crate.
@@ -53,7 +58,9 @@ pub fn index<PI>(
     document_changes: PI,
 ) -> Result<()>
 where
-    PI: IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Send + Clone,
+    PI: IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+        + Send
+        + Clone,
 {
     let (merger_sender, writer_receiver) = merger_writer_channel(10_000);
     // This channel acts as a rendezvous point to ensure that we are one task ahead
@@ -74,7 +81,8 @@ where
 
                     // document but we need to create a function that collects and compresses documents.
                     let document_sender = extractor_sender.document_sender();
-                    document_changes.clone().into_par_iter().try_for_each(|result| {
+                    document_changes.clone().into_par_iter().try_arc_for_each::<_, Error>(
+                        |result| {
                         match result? {
                             DocumentChange::Deletion(deletion) => {
                                 let docid = deletion.docid();
@@ -92,7 +100,7 @@ where
                                 // extracted_dictionary_sender.send(self, dictionary: &[u8]);
                             }
                         }
-                        Ok(()) as Result<_>
+                        Ok(())
                     })?;
 
                     document_sender.finish().unwrap();
@@ -242,7 +250,7 @@ fn extract_and_send_docids<E: DocidsExtractor, D: MergerOperationType>(
     index: &Index,
     fields_ids_map: &GlobalFieldsIdsMap,
     indexer: GrenadParameters,
-    document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>>,
+    document_changes: impl IntoParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>,
     sender: &ExtractorSender,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let merger = E::run_extraction(index, fields_ids_map, indexer, document_changes)?;
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/partial_dump.rs b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/partial_dump.rs
index 43a89c46c..325e13cc4 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/partial_dump.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/partial_dump.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use rayon::iter::IndexedParallelIterator;
 
 use super::DocumentChanges;
 use crate::documents::{DocumentIdExtractionError, PrimaryKey};
 use crate::update::concurrent_available_ids::ConcurrentAvailableIds;
+use crate::update::new::parallel_iterator_ext::ParallelIteratorExt;
 use crate::update::new::{DocumentChange, Insertion, KvWriterFieldId};
 use crate::{all_obkv_to_json, Error, FieldsIdsMap, Object, Result, UserError};
 
@@ -30,44 +33,53 @@ where
         self,
         _fields_ids_map: &mut FieldsIdsMap,
         param: Self::Parameter,
-    ) -> Result<impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Clone + 'p> {
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+            + Clone
+            + 'p,
+    > {
         let (fields_ids_map, concurrent_available_ids, primary_key) = param;
 
-        Ok(self.iter.map(|object| {
-            let docid = match concurrent_available_ids.next() {
-                Some(id) => id,
-                None => return Err(Error::UserError(UserError::DocumentLimitReached)),
-            };
+        Ok(self.iter.try_map_try_init(
+            || Ok(()),
+            |_, object| {
+                let docid = match concurrent_available_ids.next() {
+                    Some(id) => id,
+                    None => return Err(Error::UserError(UserError::DocumentLimitReached)),
+                };
 
-            let mut writer = KvWriterFieldId::memory();
-            object.iter().for_each(|(key, value)| {
-                let key = fields_ids_map.id(key).unwrap();
-                /// TODO better error management
-                let value = serde_json::to_vec(&value).unwrap();
-                /// TODO it is not ordered
-                writer.insert(key, value).unwrap();
-            });
+                let mut writer = KvWriterFieldId::memory();
+                object.iter().for_each(|(key, value)| {
+                    let key = fields_ids_map.id(key).unwrap();
+                    /// TODO better error management
+                    let value = serde_json::to_vec(&value).unwrap();
+                    /// TODO it is not ordered
+                    writer.insert(key, value).unwrap();
+                });
 
-            let document = writer.into_boxed();
-            let external_docid = match primary_key.document_id(&document, fields_ids_map)? {
-                Ok(document_id) => Ok(document_id),
-                Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::InvalidDocumentId(user_error)) => Err(user_error),
-                Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::MissingDocumentId) => {
-                    Err(UserError::MissingDocumentId {
-                        primary_key: primary_key.name().to_string(),
-                        document: all_obkv_to_json(&document, fields_ids_map)?,
-                    })
-                }
-                Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::TooManyDocumentIds(_)) => {
-                    Err(UserError::TooManyDocumentIds {
-                        primary_key: primary_key.name().to_string(),
-                        document: all_obkv_to_json(&document, fields_ids_map)?,
-                    })
-                }
-            }?;
+                let document = writer.into_boxed();
+                let external_docid = match primary_key.document_id(&document, fields_ids_map)? {
+                    Ok(document_id) => Ok(document_id),
+                    Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::InvalidDocumentId(user_error)) => {
+                        Err(user_error)
+                    }
+                    Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::MissingDocumentId) => {
+                        Err(UserError::MissingDocumentId {
+                            primary_key: primary_key.name().to_string(),
+                            document: all_obkv_to_json(&document, fields_ids_map)?,
+                        })
+                    }
+                    Err(DocumentIdExtractionError::TooManyDocumentIds(_)) => {
+                        Err(UserError::TooManyDocumentIds {
+                            primary_key: primary_key.name().to_string(),
+                            document: all_obkv_to_json(&document, fields_ids_map)?,
+                        })
+                    }
+                }?;
 
-            let insertion = Insertion::create(docid, document);
-            Ok(DocumentChange::Insertion(insertion))
-        }))
+                let insertion = Insertion::create(docid, document);
+                Ok(DocumentChange::Insertion(insertion))
+            },
+        ))
     }
 }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/update_by_function.rs b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/update_by_function.rs
index d4c0f837b..d6d532433 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/indexer/update_by_function.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/indexer/update_by_function.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use rayon::iter::{IndexedParallelIterator, IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
 
 use super::DocumentChanges;
 use crate::update::new::DocumentChange;
-use crate::{FieldsIdsMap, Result};
+use crate::{Error, FieldsIdsMap, Result};
 
 pub struct UpdateByFunction;
 
@@ -13,7 +15,11 @@ impl<'p> DocumentChanges<'p> for UpdateByFunction {
         self,
         _fields_ids_map: &mut FieldsIdsMap,
         _param: Self::Parameter,
-    ) -> Result<impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = Result<DocumentChange>> + Clone + 'p> {
+    ) -> Result<
+        impl IndexedParallelIterator<Item = std::result::Result<DocumentChange, Arc<Error>>>
+            + Clone
+            + 'p,
+    > {
         Ok((0..100).into_par_iter().map(|_| todo!()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/items_pool.rs b/milli/src/update/new/items_pool.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e90ce97db..000000000
--- a/milli/src/update/new/items_pool.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, TryRecvError};
-
-/// A pool of items that can be pull and generated on demand.
-pub struct ItemsPool<F, T, E>
-where
-    F: Fn() -> Result<T, E>,
-{
-    init: F,
-    sender: Sender<T>,
-    receiver: Receiver<T>,
-}
-
-impl<F, T, E> ItemsPool<F, T, E>
-where
-    F: Fn() -> Result<T, E>,
-{
-    /// Create a new unbounded items pool with the specified function
-    /// to generate items when needed.
-    ///
-    /// The `init` function will be invoked whenever a call to `with` requires new items.
-    pub fn new(init: F) -> Self {
-        let (sender, receiver) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
-        ItemsPool { init, sender, receiver }
-    }
-
-    /// Consumes the pool to retrieve all remaining items.
-    ///
-    /// This method is useful for cleaning up and managing the items once they are no longer needed.
-    pub fn into_items(self) -> crossbeam_channel::IntoIter<T> {
-        self.receiver.into_iter()
-    }
-
-    /// Allows running a function on an item from the pool,
-    /// potentially generating a new item if the pool is empty.
-    pub fn with<G, R>(&self, f: G) -> Result<R, E>
-    where
-        G: FnOnce(&mut T) -> Result<R, E>,
-    {
-        let mut item = match self.receiver.try_recv() {
-            Ok(item) => item,
-            Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => (self.init)()?,
-            Err(TryRecvError::Disconnected) => unreachable!(),
-        };
-
-        // Run the user's closure with the retrieved item
-        let result = f(&mut item);
-
-        if let Err(e) = self.sender.send(item) {
-            unreachable!("error when sending into channel {e}");
-        }
-
-        result
-    }
-}
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/mod.rs b/milli/src/update/new/mod.rs
index 98b60378f..264241caa 100644
--- a/milli/src/update/new/mod.rs
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 pub use document_change::{Deletion, DocumentChange, Insertion, Update};
-pub use items_pool::ItemsPool;
 pub use top_level_map::{CowStr, TopLevelMap};
 
 use super::del_add::DelAdd;
 use crate::FieldId;
 
+mod append_only_vec;
 mod channel;
 mod document_change;
 mod extract;
 pub mod indexer;
-mod items_pool;
 mod merger;
+mod parallel_iterator_ext;
 mod top_level_map;
 mod word_fst_builder;
 mod words_prefix_docids;
diff --git a/milli/src/update/new/parallel_iterator_ext.rs b/milli/src/update/new/parallel_iterator_ext.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..043457cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/milli/src/update/new/parallel_iterator_ext.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rayon::iter::{MapInit, ParallelIterator};
+
+pub trait ParallelIteratorExt: ParallelIterator {
+    /// Maps items based on the init function.
+    ///
+    /// The init function is ran only as necessary which is basically once by thread.
+    fn try_map_try_init<F, INIT, T, E, R>(
+        self,
+        init: INIT,
+        map_op: F,
+    ) -> MapInit<
+        Self,
+        impl Fn() -> Result<T, Arc<E>> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+        impl Fn(&mut Result<T, Arc<E>>, Self::Item) -> Result<R, Arc<E>> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+    >
+    where
+        E: Send + Sync,
+        F: Fn(&mut T, Self::Item) -> Result<R, E> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+        INIT: Fn() -> Result<T, E> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+        R: Send,
+    {
+        self.map_init(
+            move || match init() {
+                Ok(t) => Ok(t),
+                Err(err) => Err(Arc::new(err)),
+            },
+            move |result, item| match result {
+                Ok(t) => map_op(t, item).map_err(Arc::new),
+                Err(err) => Err(err.clone()),
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// A method to run a closure of all the items and return an owned error.
+    ///
+    /// The init function is ran only as necessary which is basically once by thread.
+    fn try_arc_for_each_try_init<F, INIT, T, E>(self, init: INIT, op: F) -> Result<(), E>
+    where
+        E: Send + Sync,
+        F: Fn(&mut T, Self::Item) -> Result<(), Arc<E>> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+        INIT: Fn() -> Result<T, E> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+    {
+        let result = self.try_for_each_init(
+            move || match init() {
+                Ok(t) => Ok(t),
+                Err(err) => Err(Arc::new(err)),
+            },
+            move |result, item| match result {
+                Ok(t) => op(t, item),
+                Err(err) => Err(err.clone()),
+            },
+        );
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => Err(Arc::into_inner(err).expect("the error must be only owned by us")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn try_arc_for_each<F, E>(self, op: F) -> Result<(), E>
+    where
+        E: Send + Sync,
+        F: Fn(Self::Item) -> Result<(), Arc<E>> + Sync + Send + Clone,
+    {
+        match self.try_for_each(op) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => Err(Arc::into_inner(err).expect("the error must be only owned by us")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ParallelIterator> ParallelIteratorExt for T {}