diff --git a/meilitool/src/main.rs b/meilitool/src/main.rs
index 06c4890a5..0f2b34f20 100644
--- a/meilitool/src/main.rs
+++ b/meilitool/src/main.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::fs::{read_dir, read_to_string, remove_file, File};
 use std::io::BufWriter;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::{bail, Context};
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 use dump::{DumpWriter, IndexMetadata};
 use file_store::FileStore;
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ use meilisearch_auth::AuthController;
 use meilisearch_types::heed::types::{SerdeJson, Str};
 use meilisearch_types::heed::{Database, Env, EnvOpenOptions, RoTxn, RwTxn, Unspecified};
 use meilisearch_types::milli::documents::{obkv_to_object, DocumentsBatchReader};
+use meilisearch_types::milli::index::{db_name, main_key};
 use meilisearch_types::milli::{obkv_to_json, BEU32};
 use meilisearch_types::tasks::{Status, Task};
-use meilisearch_types::versioning::check_version_file;
+use meilisearch_types::versioning::{create_version_file, get_version, parse_version};
 use meilisearch_types::Index;
 use time::macros::format_description;
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
@@ -62,21 +63,404 @@ enum Command {
         #[arg(long)]
         skip_enqueued_tasks: bool,
     },
+
+    /// Attempts to upgrade from one major version to the next without a dump.
+    ///
+    /// Make sure to run this commmand when Meilisearch is not running!
+    /// If Meilisearch is running while executing this command, the database could be corrupted
+    /// (contain data from both the old and the new versions)
+    ///
+    /// Supported upgrade paths:
+    ///
+    /// - v1.9.0 -> v1.10.0
+    OfflineUpgrade {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        target_version: String,
+    },
 }
 
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let Cli { db_path, command } = Cli::parse();
 
-    check_version_file(&db_path).context("While checking the version file")?;
+    let detected_version = get_version(&db_path).context("While checking the version file")?;
 
     match command {
         Command::ClearTaskQueue => clear_task_queue(db_path),
         Command::ExportADump { dump_dir, skip_enqueued_tasks } => {
             export_a_dump(db_path, dump_dir, skip_enqueued_tasks)
         }
+        Command::OfflineUpgrade { target_version } => {
+            let target_version = parse_version(&target_version).context("While parsing `--target-version`. Make sure `--target-version` is in the format MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH")?;
+            OfflineUpgrade { db_path, current_version: detected_version, target_version }.upgrade()
+        }
     }
 }
 
+struct OfflineUpgrade {
+    db_path: PathBuf,
+    current_version: (String, String, String),
+    target_version: (String, String, String),
+}
+
+impl OfflineUpgrade {
+    fn upgrade(self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // TODO: if we make this process support more versions, introduce a more flexible way of checking for the version
+        // currently only supports v1.9 to v1.10
+        let (current_major, current_minor, current_patch) = &self.current_version;
+
+        match (current_major.as_str(), current_minor.as_str(), current_patch.as_str()) {
+            ("1", "9", _) => {}
+            _ => {
+                bail!("Unsupported current version {current_major}.{current_minor}.{current_patch}. Can only upgrade from v1.9")
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (target_major, target_minor, target_patch) = &self.target_version;
+
+        match (target_major.as_str(), target_minor.as_str(), target_patch.as_str()) {
+            ("1", "10", _) => {}
+            _ => {
+                bail!("Unsupported target version {target_major}.{target_minor}.{target_patch}. Can only upgrade to v1.10")
+            }
+        }
+
+        println!("Upgrading from {current_major}.{current_minor}.{current_patch} to {target_major}.{target_minor}.{target_patch}");
+
+        self.v1_9_to_v1_10()?;
+
+        println!("Writing VERSION file");
+
+        create_version_file(&self.db_path, target_major, target_minor, target_patch)
+            .context("while writing VERSION file after the upgrade")?;
+
+        println!("Success");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn v1_9_to_v1_10(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        // 2 changes here
+
+        // 1. date format. needs to be done before opening the Index
+        // 2. REST embedders. We don't support this case right now, so bail
+
+        let index_scheduler_path = self.db_path.join("tasks");
+        let env = unsafe { EnvOpenOptions::new().max_dbs(100).open(&index_scheduler_path) }
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("While trying to open {:?}", index_scheduler_path.display())
+            })?;
+
+        let mut sched_wtxn = env.write_txn()?;
+
+        let index_mapping: Database<Str, UuidCodec> =
+            try_opening_database(&env, &sched_wtxn, "index-mapping")?;
+
+        let index_stats: Database<UuidCodec, Unspecified> =
+            try_opening_database(&env, &sched_wtxn, "index-stats").with_context(|| {
+                format!("While trying to open {:?}", index_scheduler_path.display())
+            })?;
+
+        let index_count =
+            index_mapping.len(&sched_wtxn).context("while reading the number of indexes")?;
+
+        // FIXME: not ideal, we have to pre-populate all indexes to prevent double borrow of sched_wtxn
+        // 1. immutably for the iteration
+        // 2. mutably for updating index stats
+        let indexes: Vec<_> = index_mapping
+            .iter(&sched_wtxn)?
+            .map(|res| res.map(|(uid, uuid)| (uid.to_owned(), uuid)))
+            .collect();
+        for (index_index, result) in indexes.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let (uid, uuid) = result?;
+            let index_path = self.db_path.join("indexes").join(uuid.to_string());
+
+            println!(
+                "[{index_index}/{index_count}]Updating index {uid} at '{}'",
+                index_path.display()
+            );
+
+            let index_env = unsafe {
+                // FIXME: fetch the 25 magic number from the index file
+                EnvOpenOptions::new().max_dbs(25).open(&index_path).with_context(|| {
+                    format!("while opening index {uid} at '{}'", index_path.display())
+                })?
+            };
+
+            let mut index_wtxn = index_env.write_txn().with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "while obtaining a write transaction for index {uid} at {}",
+                    index_path.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            println!("\tUpdating index stats");
+            update_index_stats(index_stats, &uid, uuid, &mut sched_wtxn)?;
+            println!("\tUpdating date format");
+            update_date_format(&uid, &index_env, &mut index_wtxn)?;
+
+            println!("\tChecking for incompatible embedders (REST embedders)");
+            check_rest_embedder(&uid, &index_env, &index_wtxn)?;
+
+            index_wtxn.commit().with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "while committing the write txn for index {uid} at {}",
+                    index_path.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        sched_wtxn.commit().context("while committing the write txn for the index-scheduler")?;
+
+        println!("Upgrading database succeeded");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub mod v1_9 {
+    pub type FieldDistribution = std::collections::BTreeMap<String, u64>;
+
+    /// The statistics that can be computed from an `Index` object.
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug)]
+    pub struct IndexStats {
+        /// Number of documents in the index.
+        pub number_of_documents: u64,
+        /// Size taken up by the index' DB, in bytes.
+        ///
+        /// This includes the size taken by both the used and free pages of the DB, and as the free pages
+        /// are not returned to the disk after a deletion, this number is typically larger than
+        /// `used_database_size` that only includes the size of the used pages.
+        pub database_size: u64,
+        /// Size taken by the used pages of the index' DB, in bytes.
+        ///
+        /// As the DB backend does not return to the disk the pages that are not currently used by the DB,
+        /// this value is typically smaller than `database_size`.
+        pub used_database_size: u64,
+        /// Association of every field name with the number of times it occurs in the documents.
+        pub field_distribution: FieldDistribution,
+        /// Creation date of the index.
+        pub created_at: time::OffsetDateTime,
+        /// Date of the last update of the index.
+        pub updated_at: time::OffsetDateTime,
+    }
+
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+    pub struct IndexEmbeddingConfig {
+        pub name: String,
+        pub config: EmbeddingConfig,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+    pub struct EmbeddingConfig {
+        /// Options of the embedder, specific to each kind of embedder
+        pub embedder_options: EmbedderOptions,
+    }
+
+    /// Options of an embedder, specific to each kind of embedder.
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+    pub enum EmbedderOptions {
+        HuggingFace(hf::EmbedderOptions),
+        OpenAi(openai::EmbedderOptions),
+        Ollama(ollama::EmbedderOptions),
+        UserProvided(manual::EmbedderOptions),
+        Rest(rest::EmbedderOptions),
+    }
+
+    impl Default for EmbedderOptions {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self::OpenAi(openai::EmbedderOptions { api_key: None, dimensions: None })
+        }
+    }
+
+    mod hf {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+        pub struct EmbedderOptions {
+            pub model: String,
+            pub revision: Option<String>,
+        }
+    }
+    mod openai {
+
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+        pub struct EmbedderOptions {
+            pub api_key: Option<String>,
+            pub dimensions: Option<usize>,
+        }
+    }
+    mod ollama {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+        pub struct EmbedderOptions {
+            pub embedding_model: String,
+            pub url: Option<String>,
+            pub api_key: Option<String>,
+        }
+    }
+    mod manual {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+        pub struct EmbedderOptions {
+            pub dimensions: usize,
+        }
+    }
+    mod rest {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize, Hash)]
+        pub struct EmbedderOptions {
+            pub api_key: Option<String>,
+            pub dimensions: Option<usize>,
+            pub url: String,
+            pub input_field: Vec<String>,
+            // path to the array of embeddings
+            pub path_to_embeddings: Vec<String>,
+            // shape of a single embedding
+            pub embedding_object: Vec<String>,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub type OffsetDateTime = time::OffsetDateTime;
+}
+
+pub mod v1_10 {
+    use crate::v1_9;
+
+    pub type FieldDistribution = std::collections::BTreeMap<String, u64>;
+
+    /// The statistics that can be computed from an `Index` object.
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug)]
+    pub struct IndexStats {
+        /// Number of documents in the index.
+        pub number_of_documents: u64,
+        /// Size taken up by the index' DB, in bytes.
+        ///
+        /// This includes the size taken by both the used and free pages of the DB, and as the free pages
+        /// are not returned to the disk after a deletion, this number is typically larger than
+        /// `used_database_size` that only includes the size of the used pages.
+        pub database_size: u64,
+        /// Size taken by the used pages of the index' DB, in bytes.
+        ///
+        /// As the DB backend does not return to the disk the pages that are not currently used by the DB,
+        /// this value is typically smaller than `database_size`.
+        pub used_database_size: u64,
+        /// Association of every field name with the number of times it occurs in the documents.
+        pub field_distribution: FieldDistribution,
+        /// Creation date of the index.
+        #[serde(with = "time::serde::rfc3339")]
+        pub created_at: time::OffsetDateTime,
+        /// Date of the last update of the index.
+        #[serde(with = "time::serde::rfc3339")]
+        pub updated_at: time::OffsetDateTime,
+    }
+
+    impl From<v1_9::IndexStats> for IndexStats {
+        fn from(
+            v1_9::IndexStats {
+                number_of_documents,
+                database_size,
+                used_database_size,
+                field_distribution,
+                created_at,
+                updated_at,
+            }: v1_9::IndexStats,
+        ) -> Self {
+            IndexStats {
+                number_of_documents,
+                database_size,
+                used_database_size,
+                field_distribution,
+                created_at,
+                updated_at,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(transparent)]
+    pub struct OffsetDateTime(#[serde(with = "time::serde::rfc3339")] pub time::OffsetDateTime);
+}
+
+fn update_index_stats(
+    index_stats: Database<UuidCodec, Unspecified>,
+    index_uid: &str,
+    index_uuid: uuid::Uuid,
+    sched_wtxn: &mut RwTxn,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let ctx = || format!("while updating index stats for index {index_uid}");
+
+    let stats: Option<v1_9::IndexStats> = index_stats
+        .remap_data_type::<SerdeJson<v1_9::IndexStats>>()
+        .get(sched_wtxn, &index_uuid)
+        .with_context(ctx)?;
+
+    if let Some(stats) = stats {
+        let stats: v1_10::IndexStats = stats.into();
+
+        index_stats
+            .remap_data_type::<SerdeJson<v1_10::IndexStats>>()
+            .put(sched_wtxn, &index_uuid, &stats)
+            .with_context(ctx)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn update_date_format(
+    index_uid: &str,
+    index_env: &Env,
+    index_wtxn: &mut RwTxn,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let main = try_opening_poly_database(index_env, index_wtxn, db_name::MAIN)
+        .with_context(|| format!("while updating date format for index {index_uid}"))?;
+
+    date_round_trip(index_wtxn, index_uid, main, main_key::CREATED_AT_KEY)?;
+    date_round_trip(index_wtxn, index_uid, main, main_key::UPDATED_AT_KEY)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn check_rest_embedder(index_uid: &str, index_env: &Env, index_txn: &RoTxn) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let main = try_opening_poly_database(index_env, index_txn, db_name::MAIN)
+        .with_context(|| format!("while checking REST embedders for index {index_uid}"))?;
+
+    for config in main
+        .remap_types::<Str, SerdeJson<Vec<v1_9::IndexEmbeddingConfig>>>()
+        .get(index_txn, main_key::EMBEDDING_CONFIGS)?
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+    {
+        if let v1_9::EmbedderOptions::Rest(_) = config.config.embedder_options {
+            bail!(
+                "index {index_uid} has a REST embedder: {}. \
+                REST embedder are unsupported for upgrade. \
+                Remove the embedder and retry.",
+                config.name
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn date_round_trip(
+    wtxn: &mut RwTxn,
+    index_uid: &str,
+    db: Database<Unspecified, Unspecified>,
+    key: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let datetime =
+        db.remap_types::<Str, SerdeJson<v1_9::OffsetDateTime>>().get(wtxn, key).with_context(
+            || format!("could not read `{key}` while updating date format for index {index_uid}"),
+        )?;
+
+    if let Some(datetime) = datetime {
+        db.remap_types::<Str, SerdeJson<v1_10::OffsetDateTime>>()
+            .put(wtxn, key, &v1_10::OffsetDateTime(datetime))
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("could not write `{key}` while updating date format for index {index_uid}")
+            })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Clears the task queue located at `db_path`.
 fn clear_task_queue(db_path: PathBuf) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let path = db_path.join("tasks");