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📝 Docs: 数据库最佳实践 (#2545)
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Ju4tCode <42488585+yanyongyu@users.noreply.github.com>
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website/docs/best-practice/database/README.mdx
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import TabItem from "@theme/TabItem";
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import Tabs from "@theme/Tabs";
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# 数据库
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[`nonebot-plugin-orm`](https://github.com/nonebot/plugin-orm) 是 NoneBot 的数据库支持插件。
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本插件基于 [SQLAlchemy](https://www.sqlalchemy.org/) 和 [Alembic](https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/),提供了许多与 NoneBot 紧密集成的功能:
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- 多 Engine / Connection 支持
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- Session 管理
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- 关系模型管理、依赖注入支持
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- 数据库迁移
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## 安装
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<Tabs groupId="install">
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<TabItem value="cli" label="使用 nb-cli">
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```shell
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nb plugin install nonebot-plugin-orm
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```
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</TabItem>
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<TabItem value="pip" label="使用 pip">
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```shell
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pip install nonebot-plugin-orm
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```
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</TabItem>
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<TabItem value="pdm" label="使用 pdm">
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```shell
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pdm add nonebot-plugin-orm
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```
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</TabItem>
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</Tabs>
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## 数据库驱动和后端
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本插件只提供了 ORM 功能,没有数据库后端,也没有直接连接数据库后端的能力。
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所以你需要另行安装数据库驱动和数据库后端,并且配置数据库连接信息。
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### SQLite
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[SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/) 是一个轻量级的嵌入式数据库,它的数据以单文件的形式存储在本地,不需要单独的数据库后端。
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SQLite 非常适合用于开发环境和小型应用,但是不适合用于大型应用的生产环境。
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虽然不需要另行安装数据库后端,但你仍然需要安装数据库驱动:
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<Tabs groupId="install">
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<TabItem value="pip" label="使用 pip">
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```shell
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pip install "nonebot-plugin-orm[sqlite]"
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```
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</TabItem>
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<TabItem value="pdm" label="使用 pdm">
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```shell
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pdm add "nonebot-plugin-orm[sqlite]"
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```
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</TabItem>
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</Tabs>
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默认情况下,数据库文件为 `<data path>/nonebot-plugin-orm/db.sqlite3`(数据目录由 [nonebot-plugin-localstore](../data-storing) 提供)。
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或者,你可以通过配置 `SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL` 来指定数据库文件路径:
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```shell
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SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///file_path
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```
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### PostgreSQL
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[PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/) 是世界上最先进的开源关系数据库之一,对各种高级且广泛应用的功能有最好的支持,是中小型应用的首选数据库。
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<Tabs groupId="install">
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<TabItem value="pip" label="使用 pip">
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```shell
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pip install nonebot-plugin-orm[postgresql]
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```
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</TabItem>
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<TabItem value="pdm" label="使用 pdm">
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```shell
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pdm add nonebot-plugin-orm[postgresql]
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```
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</TabItem>
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</Tabs>
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```shell
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SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=postgresql+psycopg://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
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```
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### MySQL / MariaDB
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[MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/) 和 [MariaDB](https://mariadb.com/) 是经典的开源关系数据库,适合用于中小型应用。
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<Tabs groupId="install">
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<TabItem value="pip" label="使用 pip">
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```shell
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pip install nonebot-plugin-orm[mysql]
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```
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</TabItem>
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<TabItem value="pdm" label="使用 pdm">
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```shell
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pdm add nonebot-plugin-orm[mysql]
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```
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</TabItem>
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</Tabs>
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```shell
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SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=mysql+aiomysql://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
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```
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## 使用
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本插件提供了数据库迁移功能(此功能依赖于 [nb-cli 脚手架](../../quick-start#安装脚手架))。
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在安装了新的插件或机器人之后,你需要执行一次数据库迁移操作,将数据库同步至与机器人一致的状态:
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```shell
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nb orm upgrade
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```
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运行完毕后,可以检查一下:
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```shell
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nb orm check
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```
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如果输出是 `没有检测到新的升级操作`,那么恭喜你,数据库已经迁移完成了,你可以启动机器人了。
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4
website/docs/best-practice/database/_category_.json
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website/docs/best-practice/database/_category_.json
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{
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"label": "数据库",
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"position": 7
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}
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378
website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/README.md
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website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/README.md
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# 开发者指南
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开发者指南内容较多,故分为了一个示例以及数个专题。
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阅读(并且最好跟随实践)示例后,你将会对使用 `nonebot-plugin-orm` 开发插件有一个基本的认识。
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如果想要更深入地学习关于 [SQLAlchemy](https://www.sqlalchemy.org/) 和 [Alembic](https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/) 的知识,或者在使用过程中遇到了问题,可以查阅专题以及其官方文档。
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## 示例
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### 模型定义
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首先,我们需要设计存储的数据的结构。
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例如天气插件,需要存储**什么地方 (`location`)** 的**天气是什么 (`weather`)**。
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其中,一个地方只会有一种天气,而不同地方可能有相同的天气。
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所以,我们可以设计出如下的模型:
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```python title=weather/__init__.py showLineNumbers
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from nonebot_plugin_orm import Model
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from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
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class Weather(Model):
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location: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
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weather: Mapped[str]
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```
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其中,`primary_key=True` 意味着此列 (`location`) 是主键,即内容是唯一的且非空的。
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每一个模型必须有至少一个主键。
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我们可以用以下代码检查模型生成的数据库模式是否正确:
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```python
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from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateTable
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print(CreateTable(Weather.__table__))
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```
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE weather_weather (
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location VARCHAR NOT NULL,
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weather VARCHAR NOT NULL,
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CONSTRAINT pk_weather_weather PRIMARY KEY (location)
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)
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```
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可以注意到表名是 `weather_weather` 而不是 `Weather` 或者 `weather`。
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这是因为 `nonebot-plugin-orm` 会自动为模型生成一个表名,规则是:`<插件模块名>_<类名小写>`。
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你也可以通过指定 `__tablename__` 属性来自定义表名:
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```python {2}
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class Weather(Model):
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__tablename__ = "weather"
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...
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```
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```sql {1}
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CREATE TABLE weather (
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...
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)
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```
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但是,并不推荐你这么做,因为这可能会导致不同插件间的表名重复,引发冲突。
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特别是当你会发布插件时,你并不知道其他插件会不会使用相同的表名。
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### 首次迁移
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我们成功定义了模型,现在启动机器人试试吧:
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```shell
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$ nb run
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01-02 15:04:05 [SUCCESS] nonebot | NoneBot is initializing...
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01-02 15:04:05 [ERROR] nonebot_plugin_orm | 启动检查失败
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01-02 15:04:05 [ERROR] nonebot | Application startup failed. Exiting.
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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click.exceptions.UsageError: 检测到新的升级操作:
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[('add_table',
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Table('weather', MetaData(), Column('location', String(), table=<weather>, primary_key=True, nullable=False), Column('weather', String(), table=<weather>, nullable=False), schema=None))]
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```
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咦,发生了什么?
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`nonebot-plugin-orm` 试图阻止我们启动机器人。
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原来是我们定义了模型,但是数据库中并没有对应的表,这会导致插件不能正常运行。
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所以,我们需要迁移数据库。
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首先,我们需要创建一个迁移脚本:
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```shell
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nb orm revision -m "first revision" --branch-label weather
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```
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其中,`-m` 参数是迁移脚本的描述,`--branch-label` 参数是迁移脚本的分支,一般为插件模块名。
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执行命令过后,出现了一个 `weather/migrations` 目录,其中有一个 `xxxxxxxxxxxx_first_revision.py` 文件:
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```shell {4,5}
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weather
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├── __init__.py
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├── config.py
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└── migrations
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└── xxxxxxxxxxxx_first_revision.py
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```
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这就是我们创建的迁移脚本,它记录了数据库模式的变化。
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我们可以查看一下它的内容:
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```python title=weather/migrations/xxxxxxxxxxxx_first_revision.py {25-33,39-41} showLineNumbers
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"""first revision
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迁移 ID: xxxxxxxxxxxx
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父迁移:
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创建时间: 2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999
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"""
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from __future__ import annotations
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from collections.abc import Sequence
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import sqlalchemy as sa
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from alembic import op
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revision: str = "xxxxxxxxxxxx"
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down_revision: str | Sequence[str] | None = None
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branch_labels: str | Sequence[str] | None = ("weather",)
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depends_on: str | Sequence[str] | None = None
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def upgrade(name: str = "") -> None:
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if name:
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return
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# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
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op.create_table(
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"weather_weather",
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sa.Column("location", sa.String(), nullable=False),
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sa.Column("weather", sa.String(), nullable=False),
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sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("location", name=op.f("pk_weather_weather")),
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info={"bind_key": "weather"},
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)
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# ### end Alembic commands ###
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def downgrade(name: str = "") -> None:
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if name:
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return
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# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
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op.drop_table("weather_weather")
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# ### end Alembic commands ###
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```
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||||||
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可以注意到脚本的主体部分(其余是模版代码,请勿修改)是:
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```python
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# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
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op.create_table( # CREATE TABLE
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"weather_weather", # weather_weather
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sa.Column("location", sa.String(), nullable=False), # location VARCHAR NOT NULL,
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sa.Column("weather", sa.String(), nullable=False), # weather VARCHAR NOT NULL,
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sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("location", name=op.f("pk_weather_weather")), # CONSTRAINT pk_weather_weather PRIMARY KEY (location)
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info={"bind_key": "weather"},
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)
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# ### end Alembic commands ###
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```
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||||||
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```python
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# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
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||||||
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op.drop_table("weather_weather") # DROP TABLE weather_weather;
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||||||
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# ### end Alembic commands ###
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```
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虽然我们不是很懂这些代码的意思,但是可以注意到它们几乎与 SQL 语句 (DDL) 一一对应。
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显然,它们是用来创建和删除表的。
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我们还可以注意到,`upgrade()` 和 `downgrade()` 函数中的代码是**互逆**的。
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也就是说,执行一次 `upgrade()` 函数,再执行一次 `downgrade()` 函数后,数据库的模式就会回到原来的状态。
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这就是迁移脚本的作用:记录数据库模式的变化,以便我们在不同的环境中(例如开发环境和生产环境)**可复现地**、**可逆地**同步数据库模式,正如 git 对我们的代码做的事情那样。
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||||||
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对了,不要忘记还有一段注释:`commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust!`。
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||||||
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它在提醒我们,这些代码是由 Alembic 自动生成的,我们应该检查它们,并且根据需要进行调整。
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||||||
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:::caution 注意
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||||||
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迁移脚本冗长且繁琐,我们一般不会手写它们,而是由 Alembic 自动生成。
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||||||
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一般情况下,Alembic 足够智能,可以正确地生成迁移脚本。
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||||||
|
但是,在复杂或有歧义的情况下,我们可能需要手动调整迁移脚本。
|
||||||
|
所以,**永远要检查迁移脚本,并且在开发环境中测试!**
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||||||
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|
||||||
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**迁移脚本中任何一处错误都足以使数据付之东流!**
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||||||
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:::
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||||||
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||||||
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确定迁移脚本正确后,我们就可以执行迁移脚本,将数据库模式同步到数据库中:
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||||||
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|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm upgrade
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在,我们可以正常启动机器人了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
开发过程中,我们可能会频繁地修改模型,这意味着我们需要频繁地创建并执行迁移脚本,非常繁琐。
|
||||||
|
实际上,此时我们不在乎数据安全,只需要数据库模式与模型定义一致即可。
|
||||||
|
所以,我们可以关闭 `nonebot-plugin-orm` 的启动检查:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell title=.env.dev
|
||||||
|
ALEMBIC_STARTUP_CHECK=false
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在,每次启动机器人时,数据库模式会自动与模型定义同步,无需手动迁移。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 会话管理
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们已经成功定义了模型,并且迁移了数据库,现在可以开始使用数据库了……吗?
|
||||||
|
并不能,因为模型只是数据结构的定义,并不能通过它操作数据(如果你曾经使用过 [Tortoise ORM](https://tortoise.github.io/),可能会知道 `await Weather.get(location="上海")` 这样的面向对象编程。
|
||||||
|
但是 SQLAlchemy 不同,选择了命令式编程)。
|
||||||
|
我们需要使用**会话**操作数据:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {10,13} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from nonebot import on_command
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.adapters import Message
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import CommandArg
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import async_scoped_session
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
weather = on_command("天气")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(session: async_scoped_session, args: Message = CommandArg()):
|
||||||
|
location = args.extract_plain_text()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if wea := await session.get(Weather, location):
|
||||||
|
await weather.finish(f"今天{location}的天气是{wea.weather}")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
await weather.finish(f"未查询到{location}的天气")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们通过 `session: async_scoped_session` 依赖注入获得了一个会话,然后使用 `await session.get(Weather, location)` 查询数据库。
|
||||||
|
`async_scoped_session` 是一个有作用域限制的会话,作用域为当前事件、当前事件响应器。
|
||||||
|
会话产生的模型实例(例如此处的 `wea := await session.get(Weather, location)`)作用域与会话相同。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
:::caution 注意
|
||||||
|
此处提到的“会话”指的是 ORM 会话,而非 [NoneBot 会话](../../../appendices/session-control),两者的生命周期也是不同的(NoneBot 会话的生命周期中可能包含多个事件,不同的事件也会有不同的事件响应器)。
|
||||||
|
具体而言,就是不要将 ORM 会话和模型实例存储在 NoneBot 会话状态中:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python {12}
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import ArgPlainText
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.typing import T_State
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.got("location", prompt="请输入地名")
|
||||||
|
async def _(state: T_State, session: async_scoped_session, location: str = ArgPlainText()):
|
||||||
|
wea = await session.get(Weather, location)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if not wea:
|
||||||
|
await weather.finish(f"未查询到{location}的天气")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
state["weather"] = wea # 不要这么做,除非你知道自己在做什么
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当然非要这么做也不是不可以:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python {6}
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(state: T_State, session: async_scoped_session):
|
||||||
|
# 通过 await session.merge(state["weather"]) 获得了此 ORM 会话中的相应模型实例,
|
||||||
|
# 而非直接使用会话状态中的模型实例,
|
||||||
|
# 因为先前的 ORM 会话已经关闭了。
|
||||||
|
wea = await session.merge(state["weather"])
|
||||||
|
await weather.finish(f"今天{state['location']}的天气是{wea.weather}")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
:::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当有数据更改时,我们需要提交事务,也要注意会话作用域问题:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {12,20} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def get_weather(
|
||||||
|
session: async_scoped_session, args: Message = CommandArg()
|
||||||
|
) -> Weather:
|
||||||
|
location = args.extract_plain_text()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if not (wea := await session.get(Weather, location)):
|
||||||
|
wea = Weather(location=location, weather="未知")
|
||||||
|
session.add(wea)
|
||||||
|
# await session.commit() # 不应该在其他地方提交事务
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
return wea
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(session: async_scoped_session, wea: Weather = Depends(get_weather)):
|
||||||
|
await weather.send(f"今天的天气是{wea.weather}")
|
||||||
|
await session.commit() # 而应该在事件响应器结束前提交事务
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当然我们也可以获得一个新的会话,不过此时就要手动管理会话了:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {5-6} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import get_session
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def get_weather(location: str) -> str:
|
||||||
|
session = get_session()
|
||||||
|
async with session.begin():
|
||||||
|
wea = await session.get(Weather, location)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if not wea:
|
||||||
|
wea = Weather(location=location, weather="未知")
|
||||||
|
session.add(wea)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
return wea.weather
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(args: Message = CommandArg()):
|
||||||
|
wea = await get_weather(args.extract_plain_text())
|
||||||
|
await weather.send(f"今天的天气是{wea}")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 依赖注入
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在上面的示例中,我们都是通过会话获得数据的。
|
||||||
|
不过,我们也可以通过依赖注入获得数据:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {12-14} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from sqlalchemy import select
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import SQLDepends
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def extract_arg_plain_text(args: Message = CommandArg()) -> str:
|
||||||
|
return args.extract_plain_text()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(
|
||||||
|
wea: Weather = SQLDepends(
|
||||||
|
select(Weather).where(Weather.location == Depends(extract_arg_plain_text))
|
||||||
|
),
|
||||||
|
):
|
||||||
|
await weather.send(f"今天的天气是{wea.weather}")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
其中,`SQLDepends` 是一个特殊的依赖注入,它会根据类型标注和 SQL 语句提供数据,SQL 语句中也可以有子依赖。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
不同的类型标注也会获得不同形式的数据:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {5} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from collections.abc import Sequence
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(
|
||||||
|
weas: Sequence[Weather] = SQLDepends(
|
||||||
|
select(Weather).where(Weather.weather == Depends(extract_arg_plain_text))
|
||||||
|
),
|
||||||
|
):
|
||||||
|
await weather.send(f"今天的天气是{weas[0].weather}的城市有{','.join(wea.location for wea in weas)}")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
支持的类型标注请参见 [依赖注入](dependency)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们也可以像 [类作为依赖](../../../advanced/dependency#类作为依赖) 那样,在类属性中声明子依赖:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python title=weather/__init__.py {5-6,10} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
from collections.abc import Sequence
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
class Weather(Model):
|
||||||
|
location: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
|
||||||
|
weather: Mapped[str] = Depends(extract_arg_plain_text)
|
||||||
|
# weather: Annotated[Mapped[str], Depends(extract_arg_plain_text)] # Annotated 支持
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@weather.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(weas: Sequence[Weather]):
|
||||||
|
await weather.send(
|
||||||
|
f"今天的天气是{weas[0].weather}的城市有{','.join(wea.location for wea in weas)}"
|
||||||
|
)
|
||||||
|
```
|
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
"label": "开发者指南",
|
||||||
|
"position": 3
|
||||||
|
}
|
240
website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/dependency.md
Normal file
240
website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/dependency.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
|
|||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
sidebar_position: 3
|
||||||
|
description: 依赖注入
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 依赖注入
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
`nonebot-plugin-orm` 提供了强大且灵活的依赖注入,可以方便地帮助你获取数据库会话和查询数据。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 数据库会话
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### AsyncSession
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
新数据库会话,常用于有独立的数据库操作逻辑的插件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python {13,26}
|
||||||
|
from nonebot import on_message
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import AsyncSession, Model, async_scoped_session
|
||||||
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
message = on_message()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
class Message(Model):
|
||||||
|
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def get_message(session: AsyncSession) -> Message:
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 session = get_session()
|
||||||
|
async with session:
|
||||||
|
msg = Message()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
session.add(msg)
|
||||||
|
await session.commit()
|
||||||
|
await session.refresh(msg)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
return msg
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@message.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(session: async_scoped_session, msg: Message = Depends(get_message)):
|
||||||
|
await session.rollback() # 无法回退 get_message() 中的更改
|
||||||
|
await message.send(str(msg.id)) # msg 被存储,msg.id 递增
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### async_scoped_session
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
数据库作用域会话,常用于事件响应器和有与响应逻辑相关的数据库操作逻辑的插件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python {13,26}
|
||||||
|
from nonebot import on_message
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import Model, async_scoped_session
|
||||||
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
message = on_message()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
class Message(Model):
|
||||||
|
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def get_message(session: async_scoped_session) -> Message:
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 session = get_scoped_session()
|
||||||
|
msg = Message()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
session.add(msg)
|
||||||
|
await session.flush()
|
||||||
|
await session.refresh(msg)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
return msg
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@message.handle()
|
||||||
|
async def _(session: async_scoped_session, msg: Message = Depends(get_message)):
|
||||||
|
await session.rollback() # 可以回退 get_message() 中的更改
|
||||||
|
await message.send(str(msg.id)) # msg 没有被存储,msg.id 不变
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 查询数据
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Model
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
支持类作为依赖。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python
|
||||||
|
from typing import Annotated
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import Model
|
||||||
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def get_id() -> int: ...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
class Message(Model):
|
||||||
|
id: Annotated[Mapped[int], Depends(get_id)] = mapped_column(
|
||||||
|
primary_key=True, autoincrement=True
|
||||||
|
)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def _(msg: Message):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 msg = (
|
||||||
|
# await (await session.stream(select(Message).where(Message.id == get_id())))
|
||||||
|
# .scalars()
|
||||||
|
# .one_or_none()
|
||||||
|
# )
|
||||||
|
...
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### SQLDepends
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
参数为一个 SQL 语句,决定依赖注入的内容,SQL 语句中可以使用子依赖。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```python {11-13}
|
||||||
|
from nonebot.params import Depends
|
||||||
|
from nonebot_plugin_orm import Model, SQLDepends
|
||||||
|
from sqlalchemy import select
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def get_id() -> int: ...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async def _(
|
||||||
|
model: Model = SQLDepends(select(Model).where(Model.id == Depends(get_id))),
|
||||||
|
): ...
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
参数可以是任意 SQL 语句,但不建议使用 `select` 以外的语句,因为语句可能没有返回值(`returning` 除外),而且代码不清晰。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 类型标注
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
类型标注决定依赖注入的数据结构,主要影响以下几个层面:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 迭代器(`session.execute()`)或异步迭代器(`session.stream()`)
|
||||||
|
- 标量(`session.execute().scalars()`)或元组(`session.execute()`)
|
||||||
|
- 一个(`session.execute().one_or_none()`,注意 `None` 时可能触发 [重载](../../../appendices/overload#重载))或全部(`session.execute()` / `session.execute().all()`)
|
||||||
|
- 连续(`session().execute()`)或分块(`session.execute().partitions()`)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
具体如下(可以使用父类型作为类型标注):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(rows_partitions: AsyncIterator[Sequence[Tuple[Model, ...]]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 rows_partitions = await (await session.stream(sql).partitions())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async for partition in rows_partitions:
|
||||||
|
for row in partition:
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(model_partitions: AsyncIterator[Sequence[Model]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 model_partitions = await (await session.stream(sql).scalars().partitions())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async for partition in model_partitions:
|
||||||
|
for model in partition:
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(row_partitions: Iterator[Sequence[Tuple[Model, ...]]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 row_partitions = await session.execute(sql).partitions()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for partition in rows_partitions:
|
||||||
|
for row in partition:
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(model_partitions: Iterator[Sequence[Model]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 model_partitions = await (await session.execute(sql).scalars().partitions())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for partition in model_partitions:
|
||||||
|
for model in partition:
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(rows: sa_async.AsyncResult[Tuple[Model, ...]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 rows = await session.stream(sql)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async for row in rows:
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(models: sa_async.AsyncScalarResult[Model]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 models = await session.stream(sql).scalars()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
async for model in models:
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(rows: sa.Result[Tuple[Model, ...]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 rows = await session.execute(sql)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for row in rows:
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(models: sa.ScalarResult[Model]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 models = await session.execute(sql).scalars()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for model in models:
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(rows: Sequence[Tuple[Model, ...]]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 rows = await (await session.stream(sql).all())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for row in rows:
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(models: Sequence[Model]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 models = await (await session.stream(sql).scalars().all())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for model in models:
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(row: Tuple[Model, ...]):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 row = await (await session.stream(sql).one_or_none())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
print(row[0], row[1], ...)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ```python
|
||||||
|
async def _(model: Model):
|
||||||
|
# 等价于 model = await (await session.stream(sql).scalars().one_or_none())
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
print(model)
|
||||||
|
```
|
147
website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/test.md
Normal file
147
website/docs/best-practice/database/developer/test.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
|||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
sidebar_position: 2
|
||||||
|
description: 测试
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 测试
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
百思不如一试,测试是发现问题的最佳方式。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
不同的用户会有不同的配置,为了提高项目的兼容性,我们需要在不同数据库后端上测试。
|
||||||
|
手动进行大量的、重复的测试不可靠,也不现实,因此我们推荐使用 [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/features/actions) 进行自动化测试:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```yaml title=.github/workflows/test.yml {12-42,52-53} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
name: Test
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
on:
|
||||||
|
push:
|
||||||
|
branches:
|
||||||
|
- main
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
jobs:
|
||||||
|
test:
|
||||||
|
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
strategy:
|
||||||
|
matrix:
|
||||||
|
db:
|
||||||
|
- sqlite+aiosqlite:///db.sqlite3
|
||||||
|
- postgresql+psycopg://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/postgres
|
||||||
|
- mysql+aiomysql://mysql:mysql@localhost:3306/mymysql
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
fail-fast: false
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL: ${{ matrix.db }}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
services:
|
||||||
|
postgresql:
|
||||||
|
image: ${{ startsWith(matrix.db, 'postgresql') && 'postgres' || '' }}
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_USER: postgres
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_DB: postgres
|
||||||
|
ports:
|
||||||
|
- 5432:5432
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mysql:
|
||||||
|
image: ${{ startsWith(matrix.db, 'mysql') && 'mysql' || '' }}
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_USER: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_PASSWORD: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_DATABASE: mymysql
|
||||||
|
ports:
|
||||||
|
- 3306:3306
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
steps:
|
||||||
|
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Install dependencies
|
||||||
|
run: pip install -r requirements.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Run migrations
|
||||||
|
run: pipx run nb-cli orm upgrade
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Run tests
|
||||||
|
run: pytest
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果项目还需要考虑跨平台和跨 Python 版本兼容,测试矩阵中还需要增加这两个维度。
|
||||||
|
但是,我们没必要在所有平台和 Python 版本上运行所有数据库的测试,因为很显然,PostgreSQL 和 MySQL 这类独立的数据库后端不会受平台和 Python 影响,而且 Github Actions 的非 Linux 平台不支持运行独立服务:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| | Python 3.9 | Python 3.10 | Python 3.11 | Python 3.12 |
|
||||||
|
| ----------- | ---------- | ----------- | ----------- | --------------------------- |
|
||||||
|
| **Linux** | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite / PostgreSQL / MySQL |
|
||||||
|
| **Windows** | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite |
|
||||||
|
| **macOS** | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite | SQLite |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```yaml title=.github/workflows/test.yml {12-24} showLineNumbers
|
||||||
|
name: Test
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
on:
|
||||||
|
push:
|
||||||
|
branches:
|
||||||
|
- main
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
jobs:
|
||||||
|
test:
|
||||||
|
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
strategy:
|
||||||
|
matrix:
|
||||||
|
os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
|
||||||
|
python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
|
||||||
|
db: ["sqlite+aiosqlite:///db.sqlite3"]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
include:
|
||||||
|
- os: ubuntu-latest
|
||||||
|
python-version: "3.12"
|
||||||
|
db: postgresql+psycopg://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/postgres
|
||||||
|
- os: ubuntu-latest
|
||||||
|
python-version: "3.12"
|
||||||
|
db: mysql+aiomysql://mysql:mysql@localhost:3306/mymysql
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
fail-fast: false
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL: ${{ matrix.db }}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
services:
|
||||||
|
postgresql:
|
||||||
|
image: ${{ startsWith(matrix.db, 'postgresql') && 'postgres' || '' }}
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_USER: postgres
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
|
||||||
|
POSTGRES_DB: postgres
|
||||||
|
ports:
|
||||||
|
- 5432:5432
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mysql:
|
||||||
|
image: ${{ startsWith(matrix.db, 'mysql') && 'mysql' || '' }}
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_USER: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_PASSWORD: mysql
|
||||||
|
MYSQL_DATABASE: mymysql
|
||||||
|
ports:
|
||||||
|
- 3306:3306
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
steps:
|
||||||
|
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
|
||||||
|
with:
|
||||||
|
python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Install dependencies
|
||||||
|
run: pip install -r requirements.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Run migrations
|
||||||
|
run: pipx run nb-cli orm upgrade
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- name: Run tests
|
||||||
|
run: pytest
|
||||||
|
```
|
158
website/docs/best-practice/database/user.md
Normal file
158
website/docs/best-practice/database/user.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
|
|||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
sidebar_position: 2
|
||||||
|
description: 用户指南
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 用户指南
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
`nonebot-plugin-orm` 功能强大且复杂,使用上有一定难度。
|
||||||
|
不过,对于用户而言,只需要掌握部分功能即可。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
:::caution 注意
|
||||||
|
请注意区分插件的项目名(如:`nonebot-plugin-wordcloud`)和模块名(如:`nonebot_plugin_wordcloud`)。`nonebot-plugin-orm` 中统一使用插件模块名。参见 [插件命名规范](../../developer/plugin-publishing#插件命名规范)。
|
||||||
|
:::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 示例
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 创建新机器人
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们想要创建一个机器人,并安装 `nonebot-plugin-wordcloud` 插件,只需要执行以下命令:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb init # 初始化项目文件夹
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
pip install nonebot-plugin-orm[sqlite] # 安装 nonebot-plugin-orm,并附带 SQLite 支持
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
nb plugin install nonebot-plugin-wordcloud # 安装插件
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# nb orm heads # 查看有什么插件使用到了数据库(可选)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
nb orm upgrade # 升级数据库
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# nb orm check # 检查一下数据库模式是否与模型定义一致(可选)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
nb run # 启动机器人
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 卸载插件
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们已经安装了 `nonebot-plugin-wordcloud` 插件,但是现在想要卸载它,并且**删除它的数据**,只需要执行以下命令:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb plugin uninstall nonebot-plugin-wordcloud # 卸载插件
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# nb orm heads # 查看有什么插件使用到了数据库。(可选)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
nb orm downgrade nonebot_plugin_wordcloud@base # 降级数据库,删除数据
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# nb orm check # 检查一下数据库模式是否与模型定义一致(可选)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## CLI
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来,让我们了解下示例中出现的 CLI 命令的含义:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### heads
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
显示所有的分支头。一般一个分支对应一个插件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm heads
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
输出格式为 `<迁移 ID> (<插件模块名>) (<头部类型>)`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
46327b837dd8 (nonebot_plugin_chatrecorder) (head)
|
||||||
|
9492159f98f7 (nonebot_plugin_user) (head)
|
||||||
|
71a72119935f (nonebot_plugin_session_orm) (effective head)
|
||||||
|
ade8cdca5470 (nonebot_plugin_wordcloud) (head)
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### upgrade
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
升级数据库。每次安装新的插件或更新插件版本后,都需要执行此命令。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm upgrade <插件模块名>@<迁移 ID>
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
其中,`<插件模块名>@<迁移 ID>` 是可选参数。如果不指定,则会将所有分支升级到最新版本,这也是最常见的用法:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm upgrade
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### downgrade
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
降级数据库。当需要回滚插件版本或删除插件时,可以执行此命令。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm downgrade <插件模块名>@<迁移 ID>
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
其中,`<迁移 ID>` 也可以是 `base`,即回滚到初始状态。常用于卸载插件后删除其数据:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm downgrade <插件模块名>@base
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### check
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
检查数据库模式是否与模型定义一致。机器人启动前会自动运行此命令(`ALEMBIC_STARTUP_CHECK=true` 时),并在检查失败时阻止启动。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
nb orm check
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 配置
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### sqlalchemy_database_url
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
默认数据库连接 URL。参见 [数据库驱动和后端](.#数据库驱动和后端) 和 [引擎配置 — SQLAlchemy 2.0 文档](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html#database-urls)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL=dialect+driver://username:password@host:port/database
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### sqlalchemy_bind
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
bind keys(一般为插件模块名)到数据库连接 URL、[`create_async_engine()`](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/orm/extensions/asyncio.html#sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.create_async_engine) 参数字典或 [`AsyncEngine`](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/orm/extensions/asyncio.html#sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.AsyncEngine) 实例的字典。
|
||||||
|
例如,我们想要让 `nonebot-plugin-wordcloud` 插件使用一个 SQLite 数据库,并开启 [Echo 选项](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html#sqlalchemy.create_engine.params.echo) 便于 debug,而其他插件使用默认的 PostgreSQL 数据库,可以这样配置:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_BINDS='{
|
||||||
|
"": "postgresql+psycopg://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase",
|
||||||
|
"nonebot_plugin_wordcloud": {
|
||||||
|
"url": "sqlite+aiosqlite://",
|
||||||
|
"echo": true
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}'
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### sqlalchemy_engine_options
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[`create_async_engine()`](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/orm/extensions/asyncio.html#sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.create_async_engine) 默认参数字典。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_ENGINE_OPTIONS='{
|
||||||
|
"pool_size": 5,
|
||||||
|
"max_overflow": 10,
|
||||||
|
"pool_timeout": 30,
|
||||||
|
"pool_recycle": 3600,
|
||||||
|
"echo": true
|
||||||
|
}'
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### sqlalchemy_echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
开启 [Echo 选项](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html#sqlalchemy.create_engine.params.echo) 和 [Echo Pool 选项](https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html#sqlalchemy.create_engine.params.echo_pool) 便于 debug。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```shell
|
||||||
|
SQLALCHEMY_ECHO=true
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
:::caution 注意
|
||||||
|
以上配置之间有覆盖关系,遵循特殊优先于一般的原则,具体为 [`sqlalchemy_database_url`](#sqlalchemy_database_url) > [`sqlalchemy_bind`](#sqlalchemy_bind) > [`sqlalchemy_echo`](#sqlalchemy_echo) > [`sqlalchemy_engine_options`](#sqlalchemy_engine_options)。
|
||||||
|
但覆盖顺序并非显而易见,出于清晰考虑,请只配置必要的选项。
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:::
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user