diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/__init__.py b/nonebot/adapters/__init__.py
index 81d2a1fb..5f630bdf 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/__init__.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/__init__.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 """
 
 import abc
+from copy import copy
 from typing_extensions import Literal
 from functools import reduce, partial
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ class MessageSegment(abc.ABC):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def __add__(self: T_MessageSegment, other: Union[str, T_MessageSegment,
-                                                     T_Message]) -> "T_Message":
+                                                     T_Message]) -> T_Message:
         """你需要在这里实现不同消息段的合并：
         比如：
             if isinstance(other, str):
@@ -326,6 +327,9 @@ class MessageSegment(abc.ABC):
     def get(self, key, default=None):
         return getattr(self, key, default)
 
+    def copy(self: T_MessageSegment) -> T_MessageSegment:
+        return copy(self)
+
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def is_text(self) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -335,7 +339,8 @@ class Message(list, abc.ABC):
     """消息数组"""
 
     def __init__(self,
-                 message: Union[str, list, dict, T_MessageSegment, T_Message, Any] = None,
+                 message: Union[str, list, dict, T_MessageSegment, T_Message,
+                                Any] = None,
                  *args,
                  **kwargs):
         """
@@ -364,7 +369,8 @@ class Message(list, abc.ABC):
 
     @staticmethod
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def _construct(msg: Union[str, list, dict, Any]) -> Iterable[T_MessageSegment]:
+    def _construct(
+            msg: Union[str, list, dict, Any]) -> Iterable[T_MessageSegment]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __add__(self: T_Message, other: Union[str, T_MessageSegment,
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/cqhttp/bot.py b/nonebot/adapters/cqhttp/bot.py
index ee29e903..aa2783f3 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/cqhttp/bot.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/cqhttp/bot.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import asyncio
 from typing import Any, Dict, Union, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import httpx
-
 from nonebot.log import logger
 from nonebot.config import Config
 from nonebot.typing import overrides
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/__init__.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/__init__.py
index ea076c6f..b27d9c3e 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/__init__.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/ding/__init__.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 from .utils import log
 from .bot import Bot
-from .event import Event
 from .message import Message, MessageSegment
+from .event import Event, MessageEvent, PrivateMessageEvent, GroupMessageEvent
 from .exception import (DingAdapterException, ApiNotAvailable, NetworkError,
                         ActionFailed, SessionExpired)
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/bot.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/bot.py
index 18dc5b69..eddccd33 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/bot.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/ding/bot.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ from typing import Any, Union, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 import httpx
 from nonebot.log import logger
 from nonebot.config import Config
+from nonebot.typing import overrides
 from nonebot.message import handle_event
 from nonebot.adapters import Bot as BaseBot
 from nonebot.exception import RequestDenied
 
 from .utils import log
-from .event import Event, MessageEvent, PrivateMessageEvent, GroupMessageEvent
-from .model import ConversationType
 from .message import Message, MessageSegment
 from .exception import NetworkError, ApiNotAvailable, ActionFailed, SessionExpired
+from .event import Event, MessageEvent, PrivateMessageEvent, GroupMessageEvent, ConversationType
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from nonebot.drivers import BaseDriver as Driver
+    from nonebot.drivers import Driver
 
 
 class Bot(BaseBot):
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
         return "ding"
 
     @classmethod
+    @overrides(BaseBot)
     async def check_permission(cls, driver: "Driver", connection_type: str,
                                headers: dict, body: Optional[dict]) -> str:
         """
@@ -73,18 +74,22 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
             log("WARNING", "Ding signature check ignored!")
         return body["chatbotUserId"]
 
-    async def handle_message(self, body: dict):
-        if not body:
+    @overrides(BaseBot)
+    async def handle_message(self, message: dict):
+        if not message:
             return
 
         # 判断消息类型，生成不同的 Event
-        conversation_type = body["conversationType"]
-        if conversation_type == ConversationType.private:
-            event = PrivateMessageEvent.parse_obj(body)
-        else:
-            event = GroupMessageEvent.parse_obj(body)
-
-        if not event:
+        try:
+            conversation_type = message["conversationType"]
+            if conversation_type == ConversationType.private:
+                event = PrivateMessageEvent.parse_obj(message)
+            elif conversation_type == ConversationType.group:
+                event = GroupMessageEvent.parse_obj(message)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unsupported conversation type")
+        except Exception as e:
+            log("Error", "Event Parser Error", e)
             return
 
         try:
@@ -95,6 +100,7 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
             )
         return
 
+    @overrides(BaseBot)
     async def call_api(self,
                        api: str,
                        event: Optional[MessageEvent] = None,
@@ -138,19 +144,18 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
 
                 target = event.sessionWebhook
             else:
-                target = None
-
-            if not target:
                 raise ApiNotAvailable
 
             headers = {}
-            segment: MessageSegment = data["message"][0]
+            message: Message = data.get("message", None)
+            if not message:
+                raise ValueError("Message not found")
             try:
                 async with httpx.AsyncClient(headers=headers) as client:
                     response = await client.post(
                         target,
                         params={"access_token": self.config.access_token},
-                        json=segment.data,
+                        json=message._produce(),
                         timeout=self.config.api_timeout)
 
                 if 200 <= response.status_code < 300:
@@ -167,8 +172,9 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
             except httpx.HTTPError:
                 raise NetworkError("HTTP request failed")
 
+    @overrides(BaseBot)
     async def send(self,
-                   event: Event,
+                   event: MessageEvent,
                    message: Union[str, "Message", "MessageSegment"],
                    at_sender: bool = False,
                    **kwargs) -> Any:
@@ -196,13 +202,15 @@ class Bot(BaseBot):
         """
         msg = message if isinstance(message, Message) else Message(message)
 
-        at_sender = at_sender and bool(event.user_id)
+        at_sender = at_sender and bool(event.senderId)
         params = {}
         params["event"] = event
         params.update(kwargs)
 
-        if at_sender and event.detail_type != "private":
-            params["message"] = f"@{event.user_id} " + msg
+        if at_sender and event.conversationType != ConversationType.private:
+            params[
+                "message"] = f"@{event.senderId} " + msg + MessageSegment.atMobiles(
+                    event.senderId)
         else:
             params["message"] = msg
 
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/event.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/event.py
index 507e9ccc..d5c670e5 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/event.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/ding/event.py
@@ -1,84 +1,124 @@
-from typing import Union, Optional
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import List, Optional
 from typing_extensions import Literal
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, validator, parse_obj_as
-from pydantic.fields import ModelField
+from pydantic import BaseModel
 
-from nonebot.adapters import Event as BaseEvent
 from nonebot.utils import escape_tag
+from nonebot.typing import overrides
+from nonebot.adapters import Event as BaseEvent
 
 from .message import Message
-from .model import MessageModel, PrivateMessageModel, GroupMessageModel, ConversationType, TextMessage
 
 
 class Event(BaseEvent):
     """
-    钉钉 协议 Event 适配。继承属性参考 `BaseEvent <./#class-baseevent>`_ 。
+    钉钉 协议 Event 适配。各事件字段参考 `钉钉文档`_
+
+    .. _钉钉文档:
+        https://ding-doc.dingtalk.com/document#/org-dev-guide/elzz1p
     """
-    message: Message = None
 
-    def __init__(self, **data):
-        super().__init__(**data)
-        # 其实目前钉钉机器人只能接收到 text 类型的消息
-        message: Union[TextMessage] = getattr(self, self.msgtype, None)
-        self.message = parse_obj_as(Message, message)
+    chatbotUserId: str
 
-    def get_type(self) -> Literal["message"]:
-        """
-        - 类型: ``str``
-        - 说明: 事件类型
-        """
-        return "message"
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_type(self) -> Literal["message", "notice", "request", "meta_event"]:
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
     def get_event_name(self) -> str:
-        detail_type = self.conversationType.name
-        return self.get_type() + "." + detail_type
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
     def get_event_description(self) -> str:
-        return (f'Message[{self.msgtype}] {self.msgId} from {self.senderId} "' +
-                "".join(
-                    map(
-                        lambda x: escape_tag(str(x))
-                        if x.is_text() else f"<le>{escape_tag(str(x))}</le>",
-                        self.message,
-                    )) + '"')
-
-    def get_user_id(self) -> str:
-        return self.senderId
-
-    def get_session_id(self) -> str:
-        """
-        - 类型: ``str``
-        - 说明: 消息 ID
-        """
-        return self.msgId
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
     def get_message(self) -> "Message":
-        """
-        - 类型: ``Message``
-        - 说明: 消息内容
-        """
-        return self.message
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
     def get_plaintext(self) -> str:
-        """
-        - 类型: ``str``
-        - 说明: 纯文本消息内容
-        """
-        return self.message.extract_plain_text().strip() if self.message else ""
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_user_id(self) -> str:
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
-class MessageEvent(MessageModel, Event):
-    pass
-
-
-class PrivateMessageEvent(PrivateMessageModel, Event):
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_session_id(self) -> str:
+        raise ValueError("Event has no type!")
 
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
     def is_tome(self) -> bool:
         return True
 
 
-class GroupMessageEvent(GroupMessageModel, Event):
+class TextMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: str
 
+
+class AtUsersItem(BaseModel):
+    dingtalkId: str
+    staffId: Optional[str]
+
+
+class ConversationType(str, Enum):
+    private = "1"
+    group = "2"
+
+
+class MessageEvent(Event):
+    msgtype: str
+    text: TextMessage
+    msgId: str
+    createAt: int  # ms
+    conversationType: ConversationType
+    conversationId: str
+    senderId: str
+    senderNick: str
+    senderCorpId: str
+    sessionWebhook: str
+    sessionWebhookExpiredTime: int
+    isAdmin: bool
+
+    @overrides(Event)
+    def get_type(self) -> Literal["message", "notice", "request", "meta_event"]:
+        return "message"
+
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_event_name(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.get_type()}.{self.conversationType.name}"
+
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_event_description(self) -> str:
+        return f'Message[{self.msgtype}] {self.msgId} from {self.senderId} "{self.text.content}"'
+
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_plaintext(self) -> str:
+        return self.text.content
+
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_user_id(self) -> str:
+        return self.senderId
+
+    @overrides(BaseEvent)
+    def get_session_id(self) -> str:
+        return self.senderId
+
+
+class PrivateMessageEvent(MessageEvent):
+    chatbotCorpId: str
+    senderStaffId: Optional[str]
+    conversationType: ConversationType = ConversationType.private
+
+
+class GroupMessageEvent(MessageEvent):
+    atUsers: List[AtUsersItem]
+    conversationType: ConversationType = ConversationType.group
+    conversationTitle: str
+    isInAtList: bool
+
+    @overrides(MessageEvent)
     def is_tome(self) -> bool:
         return self.isInAtList
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/exception.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/exception.py
index 37276eaa..63721efc 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/exception.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/ding/exception.py
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ class ActionFailed(BaseActionFailed, DingAdapterException):
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<ApiError errcode={self.errcode} errmsg={self.errmsg}>"
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
+
 
 class ApiNotAvailable(BaseApiNotAvailable, DingAdapterException):
     pass
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ class NetworkError(BaseNetworkError, DingAdapterException):
         return self.__repr__()
 
 
-class SessionExpired(BaseApiNotAvailable, DingAdapterException):
+class SessionExpired(ApiNotAvailable, DingAdapterException):
     """
     :说明:
 
@@ -75,3 +78,6 @@ class SessionExpired(BaseApiNotAvailable, DingAdapterException):
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<Session Webhook is Expired>"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__repr__()
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/message.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/message.py
index cf6f56c0..db3a0083 100644
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/message.py
+++ b/nonebot/adapters/ding/message.py
@@ -2,39 +2,23 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, Union, Iterable
 
 from nonebot.adapters import Message as BaseMessage, MessageSegment as BaseMessageSegment
 
-from .utils import log
-from .model import TextMessage
-
 
 class MessageSegment(BaseMessageSegment):
     """
     钉钉 协议 MessageSegment 适配。具体方法参考协议消息段类型或源码。
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: str, msg: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-        data = {
-            "msgtype": type_,
-        }
-        if msg:
-            data.update(msg)
-        log("DEBUG", f"data {data}")
+    def __init__(self, type_: str, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         super().__init__(type=type_, data=data)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def from_segment(cls, segment: "MessageSegment"):
-        return MessageSegment(segment.type, segment.data)
-
     def __str__(self):
-        log("DEBUG", f"__str__: self.type {self.type} data {self.data}")
         if self.type == "text":
-            return str(self.data["text"]["content"].strip())
+            return str(self.data["content"])
+        elif self.type == "markdown":
+            return str(self.data["text"])
         return ""
 
     def __add__(self, other) -> "Message":
-        if isinstance(other, str):
-            if self.type == 'text':
-                self.data['text']['content'] += other
-                return MessageSegment.from_segment(self)
         return Message(self) + other
 
     def __radd__(self, other) -> "Message":
@@ -43,43 +27,41 @@ class MessageSegment(BaseMessageSegment):
     def is_text(self) -> bool:
         return self.type == "text"
 
-    def atMobile(self, mobileNumber):
-        self.data.setdefault("at", {})
-        self.data["at"].setdefault("atMobiles", [])
-        self.data["at"]["atMobiles"].append(mobileNumber)
-
-    def atAll(self, value):
-        self.data.setdefault("at", {})
-        self.data["at"]["isAtAll"] = value
+    @staticmethod
+    def atAll() -> "MessageSegment":
+        return MessageSegment("at", {"isAtAll": True})
 
     @staticmethod
-    def text(text_: str) -> "MessageSegment":
-        return MessageSegment("text", {"text": {"content": text_.strip()}})
+    def atMobiles(*mobileNumber: str) -> "MessageSegment":
+        return MessageSegment("at", {"atMobiles": list(mobileNumber)})
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def text(text: str) -> "MessageSegment":
+        return MessageSegment("text", {"content": text})
 
     @staticmethod
     def markdown(title: str, text: str) -> "MessageSegment":
-        return MessageSegment("markdown", {
-            "markdown": {
+        return MessageSegment(
+            "markdown",
+            {
                 "title": title,
                 "text": text,
             },
-        })
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def actionCardSingleBtn(title: str, text: str, btnTitle: str,
                             btnUrl) -> "MessageSegment":
         return MessageSegment(
             "actionCard", {
-                "actionCard": {
-                    "title": title,
-                    "text": text,
-                    "singleTitle": btnTitle,
-                    "singleURL": btnUrl
-                }
+                "title": title,
+                "text": text,
+                "singleTitle": btnTitle,
+                "singleURL": btnUrl
             })
 
     @staticmethod
-    def actionCardSingleMultiBtns(
+    def actionCardMultiBtns(
         title: str,
         text: str,
         btns: list = [],
@@ -95,28 +77,26 @@ class MessageSegment(BaseMessageSegment):
         """
         return MessageSegment(
             "actionCard", {
-                "actionCard": {
-                    "title": title,
-                    "text": text,
-                    "hideAvatar": "1" if hideAvatar else "0",
-                    "btnOrientation": btnOrientation,
-                    "btns": btns
-                }
+                "title": title,
+                "text": text,
+                "hideAvatar": "1" if hideAvatar else "0",
+                "btnOrientation": btnOrientation,
+                "btns": btns
             })
 
     @staticmethod
-    def feedCard(links: list = [],) -> "MessageSegment":
+    def feedCard(links: list = []) -> "MessageSegment":
         """
         :参数:
 
             * ``links``: [{ "title": xxx, "messageURL": xxx, "picURL": xxx }, ...]
         """
-        return MessageSegment("feedCard", {"feedCard": {"links": links}})
+        return MessageSegment("feedCard", {"links": links})
 
     @staticmethod
     def empty() -> "MessageSegment":
         """不想回复消息到群里"""
-        return MessageSegment("empty")
+        return MessageSegment("empty", {})
 
 
 class Message(BaseMessage):
@@ -129,17 +109,35 @@ class Message(BaseMessage):
         return cls(value)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _construct(
-            msg: Union[str, dict, list,
-                       TextMessage]) -> Iterable[MessageSegment]:
+    def _construct(msg: Union[str, dict, list]) -> Iterable[MessageSegment]:
         if isinstance(msg, dict):
             yield MessageSegment(msg["type"], msg.get("data") or {})
-            return
         elif isinstance(msg, list):
             for seg in msg:
                 yield MessageSegment(seg["type"], seg.get("data") or {})
-            return
-        elif isinstance(msg, TextMessage):
-            yield MessageSegment("text", {"text": msg.dict()})
         elif isinstance(msg, str):
             yield MessageSegment.text(msg)
+
+    def _produce(self) -> dict:
+        data = {}
+        for segment in self:
+            if segment.type == "text":
+                data["msgtype"] = "text"
+                data.setdefault("text", {})
+                data["text"]["content"] = data["text"].setdefault(
+                    "content", "") + segment.data["content"]
+            elif segment.type == "markdown":
+                data["msgtype"] = "markdown"
+                data.setdefault("markdown", {})
+                data["markdown"]["text"] = data["markdown"].setdefault(
+                    "content", "") + segment.data["content"]
+            elif segment.type == "empty":
+                data["msgtype"] = "empty"
+            elif segment.type == "at" and "atMobiles" in segment.data:
+                data.setdefault("at", {})
+                data["at"]["atMobiles"] = data["at"].setdefault(
+                    "atMobiles", []) + segment.data["atMobiles"]
+            elif segment.data:
+                data.setdefault(segment.type, {})
+                data[segment.type].update(segment.data)
+        return data
diff --git a/nonebot/adapters/ding/model.py b/nonebot/adapters/ding/model.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 49e4b0f5..00000000
--- a/nonebot/adapters/ding/model.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-from enum import Enum
-from typing import List, Optional
-
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-
-
-class Headers(BaseModel):
-    sign: str
-    token: str
-    # ms
-    timestamp: int
-
-
-class TextMessage(BaseModel):
-    content: str
-
-
-class AtUsersItem(BaseModel):
-    dingtalkId: str
-    staffId: Optional[str]
-
-
-class ConversationType(str, Enum):
-    private = '1'
-    group = '2'
-
-
-class MessageModel(BaseModel):
-    chatbotUserId: str = None
-    conversationId: str = None
-    conversationType: ConversationType = None
-    # ms
-    createAt: int = None
-    isAdmin: bool = None
-    msgId: str = None
-    msgtype: str = None
-    senderCorpId: str = None
-    senderId: str = None
-    senderNick: str = None
-    sessionWebhook: str = None
-    # ms
-    sessionWebhookExpiredTime: int = None
-    text: Optional[TextMessage] = None
-
-
-class PrivateMessageModel(MessageModel):
-    chatbotCorpId: str = None
-    conversationType: ConversationType = ConversationType.private
-    senderStaffId: str = None
-
-
-class GroupMessageModel(MessageModel):
-    atUsers: List[AtUsersItem] = None
-    conversationType: ConversationType = ConversationType.group
-    conversationTitle: str = None
-    isInAtList: bool = None