diff --git a/nonebot/dependencies/__init__.py b/nonebot/dependencies/__init__.py
index 04d91d15..776a25e5 100644
--- a/nonebot/dependencies/__init__.py
+++ b/nonebot/dependencies/__init__.py
@@ -69,22 +69,22 @@ def get_sub_dependant(
     allow_types: Optional[List[Type[Param]]] = None,
 ) -> Dependent:
     sub_dependant = get_dependent(
-        func=dependency, name=name, use_cache=depends.use_cache, allow_types=allow_types
+        call=dependency, name=name, use_cache=depends.use_cache, allow_types=allow_types
     )
     return sub_dependant
 
 
 def get_dependent(
     *,
-    func: T_Handler,
+    call: T_Handler,
     name: Optional[str] = None,
     use_cache: bool = True,
     allow_types: Optional[List[Type[Param]]] = None,
 ) -> Dependent:
-    signature = get_typed_signature(func)
+    signature = get_typed_signature(call)
     params = signature.parameters
     dependent = Dependent(
-        func=func, name=name, allow_types=allow_types, use_cache=use_cache
+        call=call, name=name, allow_types=allow_types, use_cache=use_cache
     )
     for param_name, param in params.items():
         if isinstance(param.default, DependsWrapper):
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def get_dependent(
                     break
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    f"Unknown parameter {param_name} for function {func} with type {param.annotation}"
+                    f"Unknown parameter {param_name} for function {call} with type {param.annotation}"
                 )
 
         annotation: Any = Any
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
         if errs_:
             logger.debug(
                 f"{field_info} "
-                f"type {type(value)} not match depends {_dependent.func} "
+                f"type {type(value)} not match depends {_dependent.call} "
                 f"annotation {field._type_display()}, ignored"
             )
             raise SkippedException(field, value)
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
     # solve sub dependencies
     sub_dependent: Dependent
     for sub_dependent in chain(_sub_dependents or tuple(), _dependent.dependencies):
-        sub_dependent.func = cast(Callable[..., Any], sub_dependent.func)
+        sub_dependent.call = cast(Callable[..., Any], sub_dependent.call)
         sub_dependent.cache_key = cast(Callable[..., Any], sub_dependent.cache_key)
-        func = sub_dependent.func
+        call = sub_dependent.call
 
         # solve sub dependency with current cache
         solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
@@ -179,19 +179,19 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
         async with cache_lock:
             if sub_dependent.use_cache and sub_dependent.cache_key in dependency_cache:
                 solved = dependency_cache[sub_dependent.cache_key]
-            elif is_gen_callable(func) or is_async_gen_callable(func):
+            elif is_gen_callable(call) or is_async_gen_callable(call):
                 assert isinstance(
                     _stack, AsyncExitStack
                 ), "Generator dependency should be called in context"
-                if is_gen_callable(func):
-                    cm = run_sync_ctx_manager(contextmanager(func)(**sub_values))
+                if is_gen_callable(call):
+                    cm = run_sync_ctx_manager(contextmanager(call)(**sub_values))
                 else:
-                    cm = asynccontextmanager(func)(**sub_values)
+                    cm = asynccontextmanager(call)(**sub_values)
                 solved = await _stack.enter_async_context(cm)
-            elif is_coroutine_callable(func):
-                solved = await func(**sub_values)
+            elif is_coroutine_callable(call):
+                solved = await call(**sub_values)
             else:
-                solved = await run_sync(func)(**sub_values)
+                solved = await run_sync(call)(**sub_values)
 
             # parameter dependency
             if sub_dependent.name is not None:
diff --git a/nonebot/dependencies/models.py b/nonebot/dependencies/models.py
index 3fdb8e81..3875a6d7 100644
--- a/nonebot/dependencies/models.py
+++ b/nonebot/dependencies/models.py
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ class Dependent:
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
-        func: Optional[T_Handler] = None,
+        call: Optional[T_Handler] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
         allow_types: Optional[List[Type[Param]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[List["Dependent"]] = None,
         use_cache: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
-        self.func = func
+        self.call = call
         self.name = name
         self.params = params or []
         self.allow_types = allow_types or []
         self.dependencies = dependencies or []
         self.use_cache = use_cache
-        self.cache_key = self.func
+        self.cache_key = self.call
diff --git a/nonebot/dependencies/utils.py b/nonebot/dependencies/utils.py
index 44a6b4c9..d82976c5 100644
--- a/nonebot/dependencies/utils.py
+++ b/nonebot/dependencies/utils.py
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ from pydantic.typing import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref
 from nonebot.typing import T_Handler
 
 
-def get_typed_signature(func: T_Handler) -> inspect.Signature:
-    signature = inspect.signature(func)
-    globalns = getattr(func, "__globals__", {})
+def get_typed_signature(call: T_Handler) -> inspect.Signature:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
     typed_params = [
         inspect.Parameter(
             name=param.name,
diff --git a/nonebot/handler.py b/nonebot/handler.py
index 78ec21b9..30e701fd 100644
--- a/nonebot/handler.py
+++ b/nonebot/handler.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Handler:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        func: Callable[..., Any],
+        call: Callable[..., Any],
         *,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[List[DependsWrapper]] = None,
@@ -38,17 +38,17 @@ class Handler:
 
         :参数:
 
-          * ``func: Callable[..., Any]``: 事件处理函数。
+          * ``call: Callable[..., Any]``: 事件处理函数。
           * ``name: Optional[str]``: 事件处理器名称。默认为函数名。
           * ``dependencies: Optional[List[DependsWrapper]]``: 额外的非参数依赖注入。
           * ``allow_types: Optional[List[Type[Param]]]``: 允许的参数类型。
         """
-        self.func = func
+        self.call = call
         """
         :类型: ``Callable[..., Any]``
         :说明: 事件处理函数
         """
-        self.name = get_name(func) if name is None else name
+        self.name = get_name(call) if name is None else name
         """
         :类型: ``str``
         :说明: 事件处理函数名
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class Handler:
         if dependencies:
             for depends in dependencies:
                 self.cache_dependent(depends)
-        self.dependent = get_dependent(func=func, allow_types=self.allow_types)
+        self.dependent = get_dependent(call=call, allow_types=self.allow_types)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<Handler {self.name}({', '.join(map(str, self.dependent.params))})>"
@@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ class Handler:
             **params,
         )
 
-        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(self.func):
-            return await self.func(**values)
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(self.call):
+            return await self.call(**values)
         else:
-            return await run_sync(self.func)(**values)
+            return await run_sync(self.call)(**values)
 
     def cache_dependent(self, dependency: DependsWrapper):
         if not dependency.dependency:
diff --git a/nonebot/matcher.py b/nonebot/matcher.py
index 19c7e553..47ebebd1 100644
--- a/nonebot/matcher.py
+++ b/nonebot/matcher.py
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class Matcher(metaclass=MatcherMeta):
 
         def _decorator(func: T_Handler) -> T_Handler:
 
-            if cls.handlers and cls.handlers[-1].func is func:
+            if cls.handlers and cls.handlers[-1].call is func:
                 func_handler = cls.handlers[-1]
                 for depend in reversed(_dependencies):
                     func_handler.prepend_dependency(depend)
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ class Matcher(metaclass=MatcherMeta):
 
         def _decorator(func: T_Handler) -> T_Handler:
 
-            if cls.handlers and cls.handlers[-1].func is func:
+            if cls.handlers and cls.handlers[-1].call is func:
                 func_handler = cls.handlers[-1]
                 for depend in reversed(_dependencies):
                     func_handler.prepend_dependency(depend)
diff --git a/nonebot/permission.py b/nonebot/permission.py
index 185022e0..f1f863db 100644
--- a/nonebot/permission.py
+++ b/nonebot/permission.py
@@ -11,7 +11,17 @@ r"""
 
 import asyncio
 from contextlib import AsyncExitStack
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Type, Union, Callable, NoReturn, Optional
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Type,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    Callable,
+    NoReturn,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 from nonebot import params
 from nonebot.handler import Handler
@@ -119,41 +129,59 @@ class Permission:
             return Permission(*self.checkers, other)
 
 
-async def _message(event: Event) -> bool:
-    return event.get_type() == "message"
+class Message:
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return event.get_type() == "message"
 
 
-async def _notice(event: Event) -> bool:
-    return event.get_type() == "notice"
+class Notice:
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return event.get_type() == "notice"
 
 
-async def _request(event: Event) -> bool:
-    return event.get_type() == "request"
+class Request:
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return event.get_type() == "request"
 
 
-async def _metaevent(event: Event) -> bool:
-    return event.get_type() == "meta_event"
+class MetaEvent:
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return event.get_type() == "meta_event"
 
 
-MESSAGE = Permission(_message)
+MESSAGE = Permission(Message())
 """
 - **说明**: 匹配任意 ``message`` 类型事件，仅在需要同时捕获不同类型事件时使用。优先使用 message type 的 Matcher。
 """
-NOTICE = Permission(_notice)
+NOTICE = Permission(Notice())
 """
 - **说明**: 匹配任意 ``notice`` 类型事件，仅在需要同时捕获不同类型事件时使用。优先使用 notice type 的 Matcher。
 """
-REQUEST = Permission(_request)
+REQUEST = Permission(Request())
 """
 - **说明**: 匹配任意 ``request`` 类型事件，仅在需要同时捕获不同类型事件时使用。优先使用 request type 的 Matcher。
 """
-METAEVENT = Permission(_metaevent)
+METAEVENT = Permission(MetaEvent())
 """
 - **说明**: 匹配任意 ``meta_event`` 类型事件，仅在需要同时捕获不同类型事件时使用。优先使用 meta_event type 的 Matcher。
 """
 
 
-def USER(*user: str, perm: Optional[Permission] = None):
+class User:
+    def __init__(
+        self, users: Tuple[str, ...], perm: Optional[Permission] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.users = users
+        self.perm = perm
+
+    async def __call__(self, bot: Bot, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return bool(
+            event.get_session_id() in self.users
+            and (self.perm is None or await self.perm(bot, event))
+        )
+
+
+def USER(*users: str, perm: Optional[Permission] = None):
     """
     :说明:
 
@@ -165,21 +193,18 @@ def USER(*user: str, perm: Optional[Permission] = None):
       * ``perm: Optional[Permission]``: 需要同时满足的权限
     """
 
-    async def _user(bot: Bot, event: Event) -> bool:
-        return bool(
-            event.get_session_id() in user and (perm is None or await perm(bot, event))
+    return Permission(User(users, perm))
+
+
+class SuperUser:
+    async def __call__(self, bot: Bot, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return (
+            event.get_type() == "message"
+            and event.get_user_id() in bot.config.superusers
         )
 
-    return Permission(_user)
 
-
-async def _superuser(bot: Bot, event: Event) -> bool:
-    return (
-        event.get_type() == "message" and event.get_user_id() in bot.config.superusers
-    )
-
-
-SUPERUSER = Permission(_superuser)
+SUPERUSER = Permission(SuperUser())
 """
 - **说明**: 匹配任意超级用户消息类型事件
 """
diff --git a/nonebot/rule.py b/nonebot/rule.py
index 9469c517..2408e4eb 100644
--- a/nonebot/rule.py
+++ b/nonebot/rule.py
@@ -203,6 +203,24 @@ class TrieRule:
         return prefix, suffix
 
 
+class Startswith:
+    def __init__(self, msg: Tuple[str, ...], ignorecase: bool = False):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.ignorecase = ignorecase
+
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> Any:
+        if event.get_type() != "message":
+            return False
+        text = event.get_plaintext()
+        return bool(
+            re.match(
+                f"^(?:{'|'.join(re.escape(prefix) for prefix in self.msg)})",
+                text,
+                re.IGNORECASE if self.ignorecase else 0,
+            )
+        )
+
+
 def startswith(msg: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], ignorecase: bool = False) -> Rule:
     """
     :说明:
@@ -216,18 +234,25 @@ def startswith(msg: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], ignorecase: bool = False) -> Ru
     if isinstance(msg, str):
         msg = (msg,)
 
-    pattern = re.compile(
-        f"^(?:{'|'.join(re.escape(prefix) for prefix in msg)})",
-        re.IGNORECASE if ignorecase else 0,
-    )
+    return Rule(Startswith(msg, ignorecase))
 
-    async def _startswith(bot: Bot, event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
+
+class Endswith:
+    def __init__(self, msg: Tuple[str, ...], ignorecase: bool = False):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.ignorecase = ignorecase
+
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> Any:
         if event.get_type() != "message":
             return False
         text = event.get_plaintext()
-        return bool(pattern.match(text))
-
-    return Rule(_startswith)
+        return bool(
+            re.search(
+                f"(?:{'|'.join(re.escape(prefix) for prefix in self.msg)})$",
+                text,
+                re.IGNORECASE if self.ignorecase else 0,
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def endswith(msg: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], ignorecase: bool = False) -> Rule:
@@ -243,18 +268,18 @@ def endswith(msg: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], ignorecase: bool = False) -> Rule
     if isinstance(msg, str):
         msg = (msg,)
 
-    pattern = re.compile(
-        f"(?:{'|'.join(re.escape(prefix) for prefix in msg)})$",
-        re.IGNORECASE if ignorecase else 0,
-    )
+    return Rule(Endswith(msg, ignorecase))
 
-    async def _endswith(bot: Bot, event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
+
+class Keywords:
+    def __init__(self, *keywords: str):
+        self.keywords = keywords
+
+    async def __call__(self, bot: Bot, event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
         if event.get_type() != "message":
             return False
         text = event.get_plaintext()
-        return bool(pattern.search(text))
-
-    return Rule(_endswith)
+        return bool(text and any(keyword in text for keyword in self.keywords))
 
 
 def keyword(*keywords: str) -> Rule:
@@ -268,13 +293,18 @@ def keyword(*keywords: str) -> Rule:
       * ``*keywords: str``: 关键词
     """
 
-    async def _keyword(event: Event) -> bool:
-        if event.get_type() != "message":
-            return False
-        text = event.get_plaintext()
-        return bool(text and any(keyword in text for keyword in keywords))
+    return Rule(Keywords(*keywords))
 
-    return Rule(_keyword)
+
+class Command:
+    def __init__(self, cmds: List[Tuple[str, ...]]):
+        self.cmds = cmds
+
+    async def __call__(self, state: T_State) -> bool:
+        return state[PREFIX_KEY][CMD_KEY] in self.cmds
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Command {self.cmds}>"
 
 
 def command(*cmds: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]) -> Rule:
@@ -304,10 +334,12 @@ def command(*cmds: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]) -> Rule:
     config = get_driver().config
     command_start = config.command_start
     command_sep = config.command_sep
-    commands = list(cmds)
-    for index, command in enumerate(commands):
+    commands: List[Tuple[str, ...]] = []
+    for command in cmds:
         if isinstance(command, str):
-            commands[index] = command = (command,)
+            command = (command,)
+
+        commands.append(command)
 
         if len(command) == 1:
             for start in command_start:
@@ -316,10 +348,7 @@ def command(*cmds: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]) -> Rule:
             for start, sep in product(command_start, command_sep):
                 TrieRule.add_prefix(f"{start}{sep.join(command)}", command)
 
-    async def _command(state: T_State) -> bool:
-        return state[PREFIX_KEY][CMD_KEY] in commands
-
-    return Rule(_command)
+    return Rule(Command(commands))
 
 
 class ArgumentParser(ArgParser):
@@ -350,6 +379,27 @@ class ArgumentParser(ArgParser):
         return super().parse_args(args=args, namespace=namespace)  # type: ignore
 
 
+class ShellCommand:
+    def __init__(self, cmds: List[Tuple[str, ...]], parser: Optional[ArgumentParser]):
+        self.cmds = cmds
+        self.parser = parser
+
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
+        if state[PREFIX_KEY][CMD_KEY] in self.cmds:
+            message = str(event.get_message())
+            strip_message = message[len(state[PREFIX_KEY][RAW_CMD_KEY]) :].lstrip()
+            state[SHELL_ARGV] = shlex.split(strip_message)
+            if self.parser:
+                try:
+                    args = self.parser.parse_args(state[SHELL_ARGV])
+                    state[SHELL_ARGS] = args
+                except ParserExit as e:
+                    state[SHELL_ARGS] = e
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
 def shell_command(
     *cmds: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], parser: Optional[ArgumentParser] = None
 ) -> Rule:
@@ -392,10 +442,12 @@ def shell_command(
     config = get_driver().config
     command_start = config.command_start
     command_sep = config.command_sep
-    commands = list(cmds)
-    for index, command in enumerate(commands):
+    commands: List[Tuple[str, ...]] = []
+    for command in cmds:
         if isinstance(command, str):
-            commands[index] = command = (command,)
+            command = (command,)
+
+        commands.append(command)
 
         if len(command) == 1:
             for start in command_start:
@@ -404,23 +456,26 @@ def shell_command(
             for start, sep in product(command_start, command_sep):
                 TrieRule.add_prefix(f"{start}{sep.join(command)}", command)
 
-    async def _shell_command(event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
-        if state[PREFIX_KEY][CMD_KEY] in commands:
-            message = str(event.get_message())
-            strip_message = message[len(state[PREFIX_KEY][RAW_CMD_KEY]) :].lstrip()
-            state[SHELL_ARGV] = shlex.split(strip_message)
-            if parser:
-                try:
-                    args = parser.parse_args(state[SHELL_ARGV])
-                    state[SHELL_ARGS] = args
-                except ParserExit as e:
-                    state[SHELL_ARGS] = e
+    return Rule(ShellCommand(commands, parser))
+
+
+class Regex:
+    def __init__(self, regex: str, flags: int = 0):
+        self.regex = regex
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
+        if event.get_type() != "message":
+            return False
+        matched = re.search(self.regex, str(event.get_message()), self.flags)
+        if matched:
+            state[REGEX_MATCHED] = matched.group()
+            state[REGEX_GROUP] = matched.groups()
+            state[REGEX_DICT] = matched.groupdict()
             return True
         else:
             return False
 
-    return Rule(_shell_command)
-
 
 def regex(regex: str, flags: Union[int, re.RegexFlag] = 0) -> Rule:
     r"""
@@ -441,25 +496,12 @@ def regex(regex: str, flags: Union[int, re.RegexFlag] = 0) -> Rule:
     \:\:\:
     """
 
-    pattern = re.compile(regex, flags)
-
-    async def _regex(event: Event, state: T_State) -> bool:
-        if event.get_type() != "message":
-            return False
-        matched = pattern.search(str(event.get_message()))
-        if matched:
-            state[REGEX_MATCHED] = matched.group()
-            state[REGEX_GROUP] = matched.groups()
-            state[REGEX_DICT] = matched.groupdict()
-            return True
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    return Rule(_regex)
+    return Rule(Regex(regex, flags))
 
 
-async def _to_me(event: Event) -> bool:
-    return event.is_tome()
+class ToMe:
+    async def __call__(self, event: Event) -> bool:
+        return event.is_tome()
 
 
 def to_me() -> Rule:
@@ -473,4 +515,4 @@ def to_me() -> Rule:
       * 无
     """
 
-    return Rule(_to_me)
+    return Rule(ToMe())
diff --git a/nonebot/utils.py b/nonebot/utils.py
index 001ee43e..0c63289c 100644
--- a/nonebot/utils.py
+++ b/nonebot/utils.py
@@ -66,30 +66,30 @@ def generic_check_issubclass(
         raise
 
 
-def is_coroutine_callable(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
-    if inspect.isroutine(func):
-        return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func)
-    if inspect.isclass(func):
+def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isroutine(call):
+        return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(call)
+    if inspect.isclass(call):
         return False
-    func_ = getattr(func, "__call__", None)
+    func_ = getattr(call, "__call__", None)
     return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func_)
 
 
-def is_gen_callable(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
-    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(func):
+def is_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call):
         return True
-    func_ = getattr(func, "__call__", None)
+    func_ = getattr(call, "__call__", None)
     return inspect.isgeneratorfunction(func_)
 
 
-def is_async_gen_callable(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
-    if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func):
+def is_async_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
         return True
-    func_ = getattr(func, "__call__", None)
+    func_ = getattr(call, "__call__", None)
     return inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func_)
 
 
-def run_sync(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]:
+def run_sync(call: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]:
     """
     :说明:
 
@@ -97,17 +97,17 @@ def run_sync(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]:
 
     :参数:
 
-      * ``func: Callable[P, R]``: 被装饰的同步函数
+      * ``call: Callable[P, R]``: 被装饰的同步函数
 
     :返回:
 
       - ``Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]``
     """
 
-    @wraps(func)
+    @wraps(call)
     async def _wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
         loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
-        pfunc = partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        pfunc = partial(call, *args, **kwargs)
         result = await loop.run_in_executor(None, pfunc)
         return result